Fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon in three estuarine systems of the Cantabrian Sea (north of Spain)

The diffusive and in situ fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) have been measured and an estimation has been made of the water–atmosphere fluxes of CO₂ in three estuarine systems of the Cantabrian Sea during the spring of 1998. Each of these systems undergoes a different anthropogenic influence. The diffusive fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity obtained present values ranging between 0.54–2.65 and 0.0–2.4 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively. These ranges are in agreement with those of other coastal systems. The in situ fluxes are high and extremely variable (35–284 mmol TA m⁻² day⁻¹, 43–554 mmol DIC m⁻² day⁻¹ and 22–261 mmol dissolved oxygen (DO) m⁻² day⁻¹), because the systems studied are very heterogeneous. The values of the ratio of the in situ fluxes of TA and DIC show on average that the rate of dissolution of CaCO₃ is 0.37 times that of organic carbon oxidation. Equally, the interval of variation of the relationship between the benthic fluxes of inorganic carbon and oxygen (F_DIC/F_DO) is very wide (0.3–13.9), which demonstrates the different contributions made by the processes of aerobic and anaerobic degradation of the organic matter, as well as by the dissolution–precipitation of CaCO₃. The water–atmosphere fluxes of CO₂ present a clear dependence on the salinity. The brackish water of these systems (salinity<20), where maximum fluxes of 989 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹ have been estimated, act as a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere. The more saline zones of the estuary (salinity>30) act as a sink of CO₂, with fluxes between −5 and −10 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹.     

生活小区管道直饮水的工艺及经济分析

分析了生活小区管道直饮水的净水工艺,对工艺流程各单元的原理和作用进行了阐述,并进行了经济分析,和桶装直饮水比较,管道直饮水的价格较低,表明生活小区管道直饮水系统有较大的发展空间。     

Organic carbon budget for the Gulf of Bothnia

We calculated input of organic carbon to the unproductive, brackish water basin of the Gulf of Bothnia from rivers, point sources and the atmosphere. We also calculated the net exchange of organic carbon between the Gulf of Bothnia and the adjacent marine system, the Baltic Proper. We compared the input with sinks for organic carbon; permanent incorporation in sediments and mineralization and subsequent evasion of CO₂ to the atmosphere. The major fluxes were riverine input (1500 Gg C year^− 1), exchange with the Baltic Proper (depending on which of several possible DOC concentration differences between the basins that was used in the calculation, the flux varied between an outflow of 466 and an input of 950 Gg C year^− 1), sediment burial (1100 Gg C year^− 1) and evasion to the atmosphere (3610 Gg C year^− 1). The largest single net flux was the emission of CO₂ to the atmosphere, mainly caused by bacterial mineralization of organic carbon. Input and output did not match in our budget which we ascribe uncertainties in the calculation of the exchange of organic carbon between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic Proper, and the fact that CO₂ emission, which in our calculation represented 1 year (2002) may have been overestimated in comparison with long-term means. We conclude that net heterotrophy of the Gulf of Bothnia was due to input of organic carbon from both the catchment and from the Baltic Proper and that the future degree of net heterotrophy will be sensible to both catchment export of organic carbon and to the ongoing eutrophication of the Baltic Proper.     

高速列车过分相段下真空断路器的电寿命研究

针对高速列车真空断路器(VCB)在列车运行中处于频繁开断的状态,开断过程中电弧反复烧蚀触头产生尖端、毛刺、金属蒸汽,扩散的金属蒸汽又使灭弧室真空度降低,首次提出了通过测量VCB在分断不同次数正常电流下接触电阻表征其电寿命的试验方法,并得到了不同分断次数下耐受冲击电压和工频工作电压的特性.研究表明:VCB初期接触电阻随分断次数增加而增加,之后接触电阻基本保持不变;在VCB使用初期瞬态恢复电压不能导致电弧重燃,长期工作后可能导致电弧多次重燃,但即使长期工作后工频工作电压仍不能击穿灭弧室.     

单相交流牵引供电系统关键技术现状及发展

介绍各国主要单相交流牵引供电制式,总结各国为了解决制约单相交流牵引供电系统发展的电分相问题所采取的多种过分相方式,为了解决电能质量问题所采取的各有侧重点的治理措施,对比国内外同相供电技术并指出国外技术中值得我国借鉴之处,最后基于已有关键技术并结合储能和新能源等背景描绘了"绿色"牵引供电系统,为单相交流牵引供电系统的发展提供新思路。     

基于混合补偿的同相牵引供电系统

为解决异相牵引供电方式存在的电能质量和电力机车过分相问题,将有源补偿和无源对称补偿技术相结合,提出基于平衡变压器接线方式的混合式同相牵引供电系统结构。文中给出混合式同相供电的统一补偿理论、无源补偿系统的无源元件参数计算方法、有源补偿的控制策略、无源和有源补偿的协调控制策略。最后,以采用YNvd接线方式的平衡变压器为例,采用MATLAB软件仿真验证该系统方案和控制策略的正确性。     

碳纤维加强塑料在桥梁加固修复工程的应用

结合西安市二环路长安路立交桥板梁加固工程实例 ,介绍应用碳纤维加强塑料 (CFRP)加固修补混凝土构筑物的新技术 ,并对其施工工艺和优缺点进行探讨与评价     

基于生长曲线函数的货车运营环节碳达峰研究

货车是我国大气环境污染的重要来源之一，也是影响我国碳达峰总体目标实现的重要因 素。本文从货车运营环节入手，在运用生长曲线函数对货车保有量进行预测的基础上，对不同类 型货车的保有量和单车碳排放变化进行研究，并从货车节能技术发展、新能源货车推广和应用进 程两方面入手，分3种情景对货车运营环节中产生的碳排放总量趋势进行预判，推演货车运营环 节的碳达峰时间。研究结果表明，只有同时加快货车节能技术发展以及新能源货车推广和应用 进程，货车运营环节中产生的碳排放总量规模才能得到有效抑制并逐渐减少。若到 2030 年货 车单车燃料消耗水平较 2019 年降低 20%以上，新能源货车在货车整体保有量中的占比达到 20%，到 2060 年货车单车燃料消耗水平较 2019 年降低 50%，新能源货车占比达到 50%，则货车 运营环节碳达峰时间将缩短至2030年左右实现，2030年后货车运营环节产生的碳排放总量规 模将逐渐减少。     

Policy packages for modal shift and CO2 reduction in Lille,France

This paper proposes different policy scenarios to cut CO₂ emissions caused by the urban mobility of passengers. More precisely, we compare the effects of the ‘direct tool’ of carbon tax, to a combination of ‘indirect tools’ – not originally aimed at reducing CO₂ (i.e. congestion charging, parking charges and a reduction in public transport travel time) in terms of CO₂ impacts through a change in the modal split. In our model, modal choices depend on individual characteristics, trip features (including the effects of policy tools), and land use at origin and destination zones. Personal “CO₂ emissions budgets” resulting from the trips observed in the metropolitan area of Lille (France) in 2006 are calculated and compared to the situation related to the different policy scenarios. We find that an increase of 50% in parking charges combined with a cordon toll of €1.20 and a 10% travel time decrease in public transport services (made after recycling toll-revenues) is the winning scenario. The combined effects of all the policy scenarios are superior to their separate effects.     

碳纤维智能层及其场域诊断

针对重大混凝土结构损伤信息捕捉的完备性,研制碳纤维智能层并提出场域诊断方法。基于碳纤维智能层的功能特性与可覆盖性,将被测结构的力场转换为易于检测的电场,在贴有碳纤维智能层的被测结构中建立一个应变或损伤的敏感场;通过研究碳纤维智能层力、电、热等多场耦合机理,提出服役结构的静态损伤场域诊断方法。最后,展望了水泥基碳纤维智能材料的工程应用及其发展前景。