Mobile phone use while driving: public opinions on restrictions

This paper reviews two road-user surveys on the use of mobile phones on the road in Finland where the mobile phone ownership rate is highest in the world (70% in August 2000). From 1998 to 1999 the proportion of drivers that chose to use a mobile phone while driving rose from 56% to 68%, while the proportion of phone using drivers who experienced dangerous situations due to phone use rose from 44% to 50%. The proportion of drivers who used their phones in some way to benefit safety on the road remained at about 55%. The youngest, novice drivers had the highest level of phone usage of all age categories. Over 48% of the interviewees believed that the government should ban the use of hand-held mobile phones while driving, and another 27% believed that all types of mobile phone use should be banned while driving. Those drivers who used their phones the most each day were more likely to want some form of restrictions, than those who had lower usage. This is a strong message to the elected lawmakers and raises the problem of exactly how regulatory bodies would go about controlling the future growth of new driver support and non-driving related communication devices in road vehicles. It was concluded that legislating for hands-free use only would be a reasonable course of action. Mandating that the current generation of equipment should be optimized for hands-free use should result in future generations of in-vehicle equipment also being optimized for hands-free use as a minimum criterion.     

An improved cellular automaton with axis information for microscopic traffic simulation

Cellular Automaton (CA), an efficient dynamic modeling method that is widely used in traffic engineering, is newly introduced for traffic load modeling. This modeling method significantly addresses the modest traffic loads for long-span bridges. It does, however, require improvement to calculate precise load effects. This paper proposed an improved cellular automaton with axis information, defined as the Multi-axle Single-cell Cellular Automaton (MSCA), for the precise micro-simulation of random traffic loads on bridges. Four main ingredients of lattice, cells’ states, neighborhoods and transition rules are redefined in MSCA to generate microscopic vehicle sequences with detailed vehicle axle positions, user-defined cell sizes and time steps. The simulation methodology of MSCA is then proposed. Finally, MSCA is carefully calibrated and validated using site-specific WIM data. The results indicate: (1) the relative errors (REs) for the traffic parameters, such as volumes, speeds, weights, and headways, from MSCA are basically no more than ±10% of those of WIM data; (2) the load effects of three typical influence lines (ILs) with varied lengths of 50, 200 and 1000 m are also confidently comparable, both of which validate the rationality and precision of MSCA. Furthermore, the accurate vehicle parameters and gaps generated from MSCA can be applied not only for precise traffic loading on infrastructures but also for the accurate estimation of vehicle dynamics and safety. Hence, wide application of MSCA can potentially be expected.     

水泥混凝土路面出现蜂窝和麻面的原因及预防措施

混凝土的蜂窝和麻面问题严重危害了混凝土的结构性能和外观。对混凝土的蜂窝和麻面现象的原因进行探究,并提出具体的预防和解决措施,可促进施工质量达到相关规范、设计要求。     

Modeling the interactions between car and bicycle in heterogeneous traffic

In this paper, a new cellular automata model is proposed to simulate the car and bicycle heterogeneous traffic on urban road. To capture the complex interactions between these two types of vehicles, a novel occupancy rule is adopted in the proposed model to consider the variable lateral distances of mixed vehicular traffic. Based on massive simulations, microscopic fundamental diagrams under different bicycle densities are devised. With these, the bicycle's spilling behavior is then investigated and discussed. In order to reflect the interference of a bicycle on a car, the interference transformation from friction state to block state is modeled explicitly. Finally, different simulation results under different occupancy rules indicate that the constant and fixed occupancy rule adopted in the previous studies might lead to overestimation of car flux in the heterogeneous traffic flows with different bicycle densities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于交通流元胞自动机模型的车辆当量换算

将一维元胞自动机模型用于模拟周期性边界条件下高速公路的车流运动,用随机慢化FI模型对一定交通环境下车流的车速与密度之间的关系进行仿真分析。探讨了不同车型和车速对道路最大流量(最大通行能力)的影响。依据不同车型在同一道路上的不同通行能力,提出了一种不同车型车辆之间当量换算系数的确定方法。在模拟仿真过程中,考虑不同类型车辆的最大行驶速度及所占空间不同,仿真模型具有不同的参数。通过计算机模拟,得到不同车型的交通流基本图,根据相同道路条件下的最大流量值,给出了以通行能力作为基准时当量换算系数的计算公式。     

时变移动通信系统的二进制反馈功率控制算法

蜂窝系统功率控制算法，主要集中于固定信道情形，并且大多数算法都需要两个或多个比特功率控制命令．考虑信道增益是时变的蜂窝系统功率控制问题，提出了一个新的二进制反馈功率控制算法，此算法仅需要一个比特功率控制命令．在一定假设条件下，证明了每一用户的信干比收敛于一个由信干比的目标值与功率控制步长所决定的特定范围之内．仿真结果表明提出的算法是可行的，可以应用于实际的移动通信系统．     

格形钢板桩抗倾覆稳定性计算新方法*

通过对现行主要格型钢板桩抗倾覆稳定性分析方法进行分析研究的基础上,提出了一种新的分析计算方法,即“修正分离法”.假设格内填料的自重不直接参与抗倾,而是通过它对格壁产生侧向土压力和摩擦力来体现其参与抗倾工作的机制和程度,从而对传统的TVA分离法进行修正,给出了更为优化的计算方法.并通过实例计算,与现行5种方法的计算结果进行比较,验证了该计算方法的合理性和实用性.     

基于元胞自动机的高速公路瓶颈交通演化仿真

为分析高速公路中道路瓶颈造成的堵塞现象,本文改进KKW (Kerner-Klenov-Wolf) 模型, 建立跟驰规则;综合考虑车间距和车速对车辆换道的影响,建立自由换道和强制性换道规则;并对高速公路中不同车流量条件下,道路瓶颈上游的堵塞区域分布、换道行为特征和车道上交通参数的变化情况进行仿真研究。结果表明：在给定的交通量条件下,汇流车道的拥堵区域长度处于动态平衡状态,不会随时间而变化,且道路瓶颈前的汇流行为会导致目标车道上严重的速度下降,汇流车道和目标车道上车辆速度变化趋同;从换道集群特征来看,道路瓶颈前因高交通流量形成的低速汇流车辆倾向于以小集团的方式统一进行换道,造成目标车道上剧烈的交通震荡;瓶颈消失后,交通恢复时间随进口交通流量的上升而线性增长。     

基于PFV策略的连续型元胞自动机交通流模型

科学合理的微观交通流仿真模型是研究交通控制手段有效性的关键.本文结合一种考虑驾驶员视野内前后多车影响的跟驰策略，建立了连续型元胞自动机交通流模型.仿真实验表明，仿真数据与实测数据有较好的拟合性，仿真得到的 K-Q、K-V和 Q-V图能较好地反映实际道路交通流的失稳现象，所建立的模型具有适应不同场景的兼容性与灵活性，能够作为研究我国实际道路交通流问题的仿真工具.