交通需求OD估计与预测的现状研究分析

目前，对于静态OD矩阵估计问题已经有很多研究者，对于动态OD前沿的研究工作则非常有限。关于对OD估计和预测的研究可分为封闭网络和开放网络。介绍了研究封闭网络的Bell，Van der Zijpp，Chang and Wu和Chang and Tao等人的方法，以及研究开放网络动态估计的3种方法，即Cascetta、Okutani、Ashok和Ben—Akiva等人的方法。并指出可以将OD估计问题陈述为具有不同误差特性、多个来源的不同类型信息的综合性和一致性的结合体，此联合估测就是经济计量学的混合估计的问题。     

超灵便型多用途船舶的开发和设计

主要介绍了灵便型多用途船舶市场需求的趋势以及其设计理念。这一新理念的3万吨级多用途船被命名为"超灵便"型,4家中国船厂迄今收到了总共22艘该型船舶的订单,另有许多其他船舶公司表达了今后订购的意向。     

Aggregate expenditure elasticity for transport and communication in Australia

For the purpose of estimating Engel elasticity, one needs to find the best functional form among various alternatives. In this paper, a new function, which is called the double semi-log Engel function turns out to be the best functional form for the transport and communication items in Australia on the basis of the distance function (D²) criterion, and the non-nested hypothesis testing procedure. This function is then used to estimate total expenditure elasticity, and the percentage change in consumer demand due to changes in total expenditure and total expenditure inequalities; using the 1975–76 Household Expenditure Survey data. The results of the analyses demonstrate that transport and communication is a necessary item in Australia on the basis of two criteria, viz., its elasticity is not significantly greater than unity, and the percentage change in demand increases with a decrease of the total expenditure inequality [emphasised by Iyengar (I960)]. Policy implication of the analyses has also been discussed.     

Ramp meters on trial: Evidence from the Twin Cities metering holiday

Ramp meters in the Twin Cities have been the subject of a recent test of their effectiveness, involving turning them off for eight weeks. This paper analyzes the results with and without ramp metering for several representative freeways during the afternoon peak period. Seven performance measures: mobility, equity, productivity, consumers’ surplus, accessibility, travel time variation and travel demand responses are compared. It is found that ramp meters are particularly helpful for long trips relative to short trips. Ramp metering, while generally beneficial to freeway segments, may not improve trip travel times (including ramp delays). The reduction in travel time variation comprises another benefit from ramp meters. Non-work trips and work trips respond differently to ramp meters. The results are mixed, suggesting a more refined ramp control algorithm, which explicitly considers ramp delay, is in order.     

Total cost analysis: An alternative to benefit-cost analysis in evaluating transportation alternatives

This paper explains the theory in support of total cost analysis (TCA) to compare transportation system alternatives. The full costs of each alternative are first aggregated, including travel time costs and monetizable environmental and social costs. Many costs which are considered on the benefits side of the equation in benefit-cost analysis (BCA) as "cost savings" are brought over to the costs side. Total cost differences among alternatives are then traded off against their estimated non-monetized benefits or impacts, just as a consumer trades off product quality against cost before deciding which product he or she will buy. One advantage of TCA over traditional BCA is that the concept of "total cost" is more easily understood by the public and by political decision-makers than BCA concepts such as "net present worth", "benefit-cost ratio" and "internal rate of return". A second advantage is that there is no suggestion that all "benefits" have been considered; decision-makers are free to use their own value judgements to trade off total cost against non-monetizable social, environmental and economic impacts, just as they trade off quality and convenience against cost when purchasing goods and services in their roles as consumers. The TCA approach is demonstrated in this paper through a case study of two systemwide alternatives for the Baltimore, MD urban area.     

Uncertain demand,modal competition and optimal price-capacity adjustments in air transportation

A new microeconomic model for the operation of an airline facing modal competition with uncertain total demand is developed to analyze optimal price capacity combinations. The novelty is the treatment of the capacity restriction, which is not viewed as affecting negatively individual preferences (e.g. probability of a full flight), but does influence aggregate utility. A mode choice model is used to represent unrestricted individual preferences assuming full availability (phone call demand); air capacity is treated as a variable that acts on the actual choice set. Restricted choices and total demand stochasticity are integrated in welfare calculations (users' benefits and profits). Numerical examples are given and results are analyzed in terms of load factors fare levels, and sensitivity to the stochasticity of requests.This research was partially funded by FONDECYT, Chile, Direction Génerale de l'Aviation Civile, France, the Andes Foundation and the Fulbright Commission.     

城市轨道交通初期运营客流预测技术研究

城市轨道交通新开通线路初期运营客流预测是开展初期运营安全评估和运营组织筹备的基础性工作。分析初期运营客流预测在预测期、研究对象、基础数据和预测模型方面的特点,总结该类预测工作开展的技术难点。在此基础上提出一套适用于初期运营客流预测的技术路线,阐述其中基础资料收集、交通调查、交通运行特征分析、出行需求预测、评估分析及敏感性分析的研究要点,并概括总结客流预测指标、对既有线的影响评估、需要重点关注的车站等研究内容。研究结果表明,初期运营客流预测重点在于准确把握城市及交通发展现状,而解读城市及交通发展现状资料并掌握其运行现状特点,研判其短期发展趋势是初期运营客流预测的基础性工作;针对宏观交通需求分析模型对微观客流指标预测的精度不足问题,可在城市宏观交通需求预测的基础上,通过开展各类交通调查建立城轨系统出行需求分析专题模型。本研究成果以期为初期运营客流预测的技术方法、研究内容等提供借鉴。     

中美城市交通模型现况评估

交通需求模型预测未来一个区域内对交通系统的需求.这些模型是辅助交通官员与专家对重大交通项目投资和政策策略作出理性决定的重要工具.根据本刊2008年第1期对中国具有代表性的几个城市交通模型系统的示例介绍,对中国目前的交通模型研发、数据及应用进行总结,并比较了中美交通模型的差异.通过对现阶段中国交通模型建设和使用的深入了解,并结合已有研究和实际工作经验,对中关交通模型及其相关的工作进行系统性和前瞻性的讨论.     

基于客流需求的城际列车时刻表模型改进研究

列车时刻表的编制是铁路旅客运输组织的关键问题,如何优化时刻表,最大限度缩短旅客的旅行时间,具有重要的理论和现实意义.然而,既有基于客流需求的时刻表优化模型大多数假设列车顺序固定或不允许列车间任意越行,离实际尚有一定差距.针对这一问题,本文以最小化旅客在站等待时间和在车旅行时间的线性加权为优化目标,综合考虑列车停站、区间运行、安全间隔、列车容纳能力等约束,在定序无越行和定序有限越行模型的基础上,构建了更一般的非定序任意越行混合整数二次规划模型,并利用ILOG CPLEX分别进行求解.最后,以某城际高铁为例进行案例研究.结果表明,本文所提的非定序任意越行模型求解质量最好,且能有效减少旅客全程旅行时间,具有可行性.     

扣除系数法在高速铁路通过能力计算中的适应性

针对扣除系数法在高速铁路通过能力计算上存在的问题,对其适应性进行分析.从需求的角度分析高速铁路通过能力与既有线的差异,明确了高速铁路通过能力的概念.分析扣除系数法的思想本质并从3个基本假设入手分析其思想本质上的适应性.对扣除系数法相关研究进行总结,并提炼出其方法本质即时间占用的重叠关系,归纳出了4种基本情况,采用算例对其方法本质进行验证,结合高速铁路特点,对其方法本质存在的3个问题进行概括.研究证明了原有的扣除系数法已不适应我国高速铁路通过能力的计算,并在最后给出了进一步研究高速铁路通过能力计算方法的相关建议.