Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO2eq intensities

In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses.In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO_2eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO_2eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle.In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO_2eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO_2eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO_2eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO_2eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power.     

Integrated models of land use and transportation for the autonomous vehicle revolution

ABSTRACT

The advent of the autonomous vehicle (AV) will affect not only the transportation system, but also future patterns of land development. Integrated land use and transportation models will be critical tools in assessing the path forward with this technology. Key questions with respect to land use impacts of AVs arise from potential changes in sensitivity to travel and reduced demand for parking. It is an open question whether AVs will induce urban sprawl, or whether spatial economies of agglomeration will mitigate any reductions in travel time sensitivity. The deployment of shared fleets of AVs would likely reduce parking demand, producing yet to be explored impacts on property development within existing urban footprints. We perform a critical assessment of currently operational models and their ability to represent the adoption of AVs. We identify the representation of time in such models as a vital component requiring additional development to model this new technology. Existing model applications have focused on the discrete addition of new infrastructure or policy at a fixed point in time, whereas AV adoption will occur incrementally through time. Stated adaptation surveys are recommended as tools to quantify preferences and develop relevant model inputs. It is argued that existing models that assume comparatively static equilibrium have been convenient in the past, but are insufficient to model technology adoption. In contrast, dynamic model frameworks lack sufficient structure to maintain reasonability under large perturbations from base conditions. The ongoing advancement of computing has allowed models to move away from being mechanistic aggregate tools, towards behaviourally rich depictions of individual persons and firms. However, much work remains to move from projections of existing conditions into the future, to the evolution of the spatial economy as it evolves through time in response to new technologies and exogenous stresses. Principles from complex and evolutionary systems theory will be important in the development of models with the capacity to consider such dynamics.     

Critical review of handling diagram and understeer gradient for vehicles with locked differential

The steady-state cornering behaviour of rear-wheel drive vehicles fitted with locked differential is critically analysed by means of simple, albeit carefully formulated, vehicle models, which allow for a rigorous theoretical analysis. Results obtained for some classical manoeuvres, with either constant forward speed, steer angle or turning radius, clearly show that, in the case of locked differential, the vehicle cornering behaviour is strongly affected by the manoeuvre. As an important consequence, the handling diagram is not unique and the understeer gradient is no longer dependent only upon the lateral acceleration, as in vehicles equipped with an open differential. Accordingly, this study shows that some typical tools and concepts of vehicle dynamics are indeed inadequate in the case of locked differential.     

边际油田-WZ11—1N开发的工程策略

讨论了北部湾边际油田-WZ11-1N油田开发的工程策略，通过技术和经济上的综合分析，WZ11-1N油田采用了“三一”模式依托开发的成果，在应用涠洲地区成熟的、较先进的工程技术和开发经验的基础上，对依托平台／管线的处理工艺和寿命进行了详细的优化和校核，同时采用了电力组网新技术，达到了降低工程投资，提高油田收益的目的。另外在总体布置上为未来油田的依托开发预留了空间。     

视频双微分补偿电路的仿真研究

交通管理监视器的视频电路，受通频带限制导致图像轮廓模糊、清晰度下降，通常需要采用双微分视频补偿．以一种具体的双微分视频补偿电路为例，分析了两次微分的补偿过程，用电路理论对元件的取值进行了研究，并采用功能强大的Electronics Workbench软件进行了仿真实验论证．     

城市轨道交通车地无线的网络架构及应用

基于目前城市轨道交通运营及安保对车地无线通信网络的需求,通过对WLAN(无线局域网络)及TD-LTE(时分长期演进)技术方案的对比分析,提出更为适用于城市轨道交通的TD-LTE车地无线技术方案.结合郑州市轨道交通1号线一期工程的实例,验证该方案能够实现高速移动状态下的大带宽传输、多业务承载,可解决轨道交通车地通信的瓶颈问题,满足承载需要.     

CRH_3型高速动车组整流器预测电流控制仿真研究

对CRH3型高速动车组牵引传动系统采用的四象限整流器,在分析了其基本原理及其控制策略的基础上,利用Matlab/Simulink建立了一种基于预测电流控制方法的四象限脉冲整流器的仿真模型。仿真结果表明,预测电流控制方法可以保持中间直流环节电压的稳定输出,实现调压稳压的功能,并且网侧功率因数近似等于1,谐波含量较小。     

一种采用改进半桥主电路的有源滤波器

在分析双电感半桥电路的基础上,提出了一种基于改进半桥拓扑结构的新型有源电力滤波器,它消除了传统有源滤波器拓扑的桥臂直通故障隐患,且具有可高频、高效率运行的优点。文章详细分析了其工作原理,给出了相应的控制策略。仿真和实验结果验证了这种新型有源滤波器的可行性。     

对城市轨道公共交通工程演化的思考

城市是人类政治、经济、社会、文化的聚焦点,也是人类频繁活动的集散中心。根据全球城市化进程的快速推进,城市公共交通已出现严重瓶颈,阻碍了城市文明发展。从工程演化论学术观分析,城市公共交通朝轨道交通发展已成历史的必然;而城市规模、特征、环境、发达程度所构成的不同形态又促使城轨交通工程演化朝向多样性发展;当前,在新时期下的社会和自然出现更高需求,城轨交通如何依靠技术进化来实现可持续发展是本文作者的思考命题,借此同学术界共勉。     

香港铁路公司拓展策略对内地轨道交通的影响

阐述港铁公司在轨道交通领域的拓展情况和在拓展中所面临的机遇与风险,总结拓展策略的优势与劣势。结合国内城轨发展形势、政策走向,分析港铁公司的拓展对内地轨道交通运营商的影响。