生态塘处理铁路中小站区生活污水

由于传统稳定塘占地面积大、处理效率低、产生藻类等缺点,限制了其工艺的推广应用。而生态塘系统在克服传统稳定塘系统缺点的基础上引入了生态的概念,通过在塘系统中人为地建立起稳定的食物链网,使塘本身既是污水处理单元又是利用单元,在污水处理的同时可以实现污水资源化。在一些偏远干旱缺水的铁路站区,采用生态塘系统处理站区产生的生活污水,运行维护管理容易、运行费用低,在产生良好的社会环境效益的同时,可实现干旱缺水地区的污水资源化利用。     

基于故障模式、影响及危害度分析(FMECA)的地铁车辆检修工艺优化方法

提出了一种地铁车辆检修工艺优化方法。该方法采用FMECA(故障模式、影响及危害度分析),对地铁车辆运营过程中的故障数据进行分析,并根据分析结果对当前的地铁车辆检修工艺进行优化,以提高检修作业的合理性和效率。以地铁车辆高压供电系统为例,说明了该优化方法在地铁车辆高压供电系统上的实施流程;结合相关标准的规定建立了定量化的地铁车辆设备危害性风险评价矩阵,用以确定故障模式的可接受程度;通过建立可接受程度与该检修项点检修等级的对应关系,最终得到检修工艺的优化方案。     

基坑开挖引起复合地基下卧双线地铁隧道附加荷载的计算研究

为研究基坑开挖时复合地基及竖向、横向"双洞效应"对下卧双线地铁隧道竖向、横向附加荷载的影响,基于Mindlin应力解,得到在复合地基侧摩阻力作用下隧道轴线上的竖向、横向附加荷载,通过迭代法计算得到"双洞效应"引起隧道轴线上的竖向、横向附加荷载,借助竖向、横向总附加荷载引起的隧道位移对比验证,并分析隧道位置改变对侧摩阻力和"双洞效应"引起隧道竖向、横向附加荷载的影响。研究结果表明:侧摩阻力和"双洞效应"对隧道竖向、横向附加荷载的影响是不可忽略的,其影响主要表现为减小隧道的竖向、横向总附加荷载,且影响范围不变;在施工条件和规范容许范围内,应尽量减小双线隧道之间的距离,以及增大隧道与基坑中点的距离;当需要严谨精确地计算小净距地铁隧道"双洞效应"引起的附加荷载时,必须选用迭代法计算。     

高速铁路路基边坡纤维团粒喷播生态防护技术

针对高速铁路路基绿化工程高要求、少维护等特点,提出纤维团粒喷播技术,并详细阐述了其机理及特点.通过在京雄城际铁路路基边坡工程中的应用,归纳总结了该技术施工工艺流程:平整坡面→坡面覆土→铺设铁丝网→喷播基质→养护管理.喷播基质是利用喷播机械将性能优越的基质材料喷附至铁路路基坡面上的.工程应用表明该技术施工快,质量好,养护维修量小,经济性高.     

Protective effect of polymer coating on the circular steel plate response to near-field underwater explosions

To understand the intrinsic strong interaction between the soft coating and near-field underwater explosion, a series of comparative live fire tests are implemented. Nine steel circular plates with three configurations (i.e. rubber coated plate, foam coated plate and bare plate) are tested using 1.5 g PETN detonator. The stand-off between the plate center and explosive charge is ranged from 3.41 to 1.14 times of the maximum bubble radius. The transient strain history of the plate and acceleration history of the metal base fixture are monitored. The whole explosion process including local cavitation and bubble motion is recorded by an APX-RS high speed camera. Test results show that the compressibility of coating layer is the dominative factor that controls its protective performance in the shock wave loading phase. The more compressible foam coating distinctly reduce the shock wave intensity by local cavitation before enters the densification phase, while the explosion bubble shape and even the direction of water jet can also be changed. But the attenuation performance in the bubble loading phase is not as optimistic as that in the shock wave phase because more deformation space is required while the core has often entered the densification phase.     

Bottleneck congestion and distribution of work start times: The economics of staggered work hours revisited

Since the seminal work of Henderson (Henderson, J.V., 1981. The economics of staggered work hours. Journal of Urban Economics 9 (3), 349–364), a number of studies have examined the effect of staggered work hours by analyzing models of work start time choice that consider the trade-off between negative congestion externalities and positive production externalities. However, these studies employed flow congestion models to describe traffic congestion. This study develops a model of work start time choice with bottleneck congestion and discloses the intrinsic properties of the model. To this end, this study extends Henderson’s model to incorporate bottleneck congestion. By utilizing the properties of a potential game, we characterize equilibrium and optimal distributions of work start times. We also show that Pigouvian tax/subsidy policies generally yield multiple equilibria and that the first-best optimum must be a stable equilibrium under Pigouvian policies, whereas the second-best optimum in which policymakers cannot eliminate queuing congestion can be unstable.     

Establishment of Community Managed Fisheries’ Closures in Kenya: Early Evolution of the Tengefu Movement

Community-based management (CBM) could be an essential tool to prevent the depletion of marine resources in the Western Indian Ocean region. In Kenya, political pressure to strengthen local governance, has led to adoption of CBM as a way of reducing over-exploitation and managing the competing uses and impacts on the marine environment. Several communities in Kenya have embraced CBM and have set aside or closed previously fished areas to enhance recovery of fisheries and biodiversity. These community fisheries closures (locally called tengefu), despite being degraded, may recover to finfish abundances and biodiversity levels similar to established MPAs or above thresholds for maintaining some ecological services. Communities see their direct involvement and control of these tengefu as more likely to result in benefits flowing directly to them. Community closures are also important for articulating and resolving community values and strengthening their management capacity. Here, we describe the evolution of the tengefu movement in Kenya and combine information from focus group discussions, interviews, underwater surveys and boundary marking to evaluate the current status, opportunities and challenges facing these tengefu. We show that in some cases community closures suffer from slow and incomplete national and local legislative processes, challenges to compliance, and weak management.     

Investigating Causal Pathways Linking Site-Level Characteristics,Compliance, and Ecological Performance in Caribbean MPAs

A rapidly growing body of empirical evidence has linked improved ecological performance of social–ecological systems (SES) with better compliance with rules governing human activities. Researchers have proposed several key factors that motivate an individual to comply with resource use rules, including deterrence, social pressures, moral inclinations, and perceived legitimacy of rules and responsible authorities. Much of the research on compliance proposes causal mechanisms at the individual human level, but few studies test causal paths with empirical data particularly at the site level. This study tested a proposed pathway for explaining overall compliance rates and ecological performance in SES using data from structured surveys of community members, key informant interviews, policy documents, and coral reef surveys at marine protected areas (MPAs) and their associated human communities in the wider Caribbean. Findings indicate that compliance and other active MPA management interventions positively affect ecological performance, and site-level contextual factors (level of community development and being part of a political network) positively influence significant predictors of overall compliance rates, which include active MPA management and enforced punishments.     

公路工程的水土保持生态补偿

就公路工程中所遇到的环境问题,结合设计施工中的解决办法,阐述公路工程的水土保持生态补偿,从而减小因道路施工给沿线自然地形、地貌造成的各种破坏,保护和改善当地环境,提高公路的使用效果,更好地发挥公路的各项功能。