Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO2eq intensities

In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses.In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO_2eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO_2eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle.In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO_2eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO_2eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO_2eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO_2eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power.     

某款商用汽车电堆散热系统方案设计

从商用汽车电堆散热系统设计要求的实际角度出发设计系统原理图,从而进行计算匹配及选型零部件,对所选零部件进行仿真校核是否满足最初的设计要求,保证商用汽车电堆散热系统的正常工作。     

Integrated models of land use and transportation for the autonomous vehicle revolution

ABSTRACT

The advent of the autonomous vehicle (AV) will affect not only the transportation system, but also future patterns of land development. Integrated land use and transportation models will be critical tools in assessing the path forward with this technology. Key questions with respect to land use impacts of AVs arise from potential changes in sensitivity to travel and reduced demand for parking. It is an open question whether AVs will induce urban sprawl, or whether spatial economies of agglomeration will mitigate any reductions in travel time sensitivity. The deployment of shared fleets of AVs would likely reduce parking demand, producing yet to be explored impacts on property development within existing urban footprints. We perform a critical assessment of currently operational models and their ability to represent the adoption of AVs. We identify the representation of time in such models as a vital component requiring additional development to model this new technology. Existing model applications have focused on the discrete addition of new infrastructure or policy at a fixed point in time, whereas AV adoption will occur incrementally through time. Stated adaptation surveys are recommended as tools to quantify preferences and develop relevant model inputs. It is argued that existing models that assume comparatively static equilibrium have been convenient in the past, but are insufficient to model technology adoption. In contrast, dynamic model frameworks lack sufficient structure to maintain reasonability under large perturbations from base conditions. The ongoing advancement of computing has allowed models to move away from being mechanistic aggregate tools, towards behaviourally rich depictions of individual persons and firms. However, much work remains to move from projections of existing conditions into the future, to the evolution of the spatial economy as it evolves through time in response to new technologies and exogenous stresses. Principles from complex and evolutionary systems theory will be important in the development of models with the capacity to consider such dynamics.     

我国电力机车及动力车通风系统

简要地说明了我国电力机车及动力车通风系统的发展情况，尤其是交流传动技术对我国电力机车及动力车通风系统的发展的重要影响，同时，还详细分析了各种通风方式的特点，为电力机车及动力车通风系统简统化设计提供了多种选择模式。     

电力机车车轴热处理工艺的研究

分析了EA4T钢的性质特征以及传统调质处理工艺所存在的问题,系统地研究了正火、淬火及回火工艺对材料的组织及性能的影响规律。通过系统的实验,探索出了DJ4型机车车轴的最佳热处理工艺参数。     

烟大铁路轮渡渡船电力推进系统仿真分析

随着计算机仿真技术在工程研究领域的广泛应用,船舶电力系统数字仿真已成为高效的船舶电力系统分析手段.烟大火车渡船采用了当今国际先进的电力推进系统,通过对该系统进行了数字仿真分析,验证了该船电网运行的稳定性和可靠性.     

机车用AC 3 kV真空接触器的设计

基于一般工业用真空接触器的总体布置形式和传动方式，根据机车用真空接触器的结构特点，对机车用ＡＣ３ｋＶ真空接触器的设计原则及设计中的一些问题作了介绍。     

SS5型客运电力机车 10：电子控制系统

SS5型电力机车设有两套控制系统,一套为闭环自动控制系统,用于牵引、制动、防空转、功率因数补偿等控制,另一套为简单的开环控制系统,用于控制全控桥和半控桥的脉冲移相,以调节电机电压。作者叙述了电子控制柜的主要结构特点,并通过对系统框图的介绍,阐明了电子控制系统的主要工作原理,其中特性控制技术、顺控技术、再生制动控制技术、防空转技术等都是首次在国产机车上采用。     

提速电力机车安全监测系统及判据研究

对目前提速电力机车的运用安全、修程修制等问题作了简明的阐述,提出机车安全监测系统研制的总体方案及故障判别原则。     

船舶电力系统的电能质量问题

传统电能质量的监测和管理都是基于有效值基础之上,主要针对电力系统的稳定特征,缺少对暂态或瞬态过程的特征描述。本文旨在通过论述电能质量概念的提出及其基本发展现状,讨论现代舰船,特别是综合电力推进舰船面临的电能质量问题,分析解决舰船电能质量问题的基本措施。