稀土元素对精密铸钢裂纹形成的影响

设计了精密铸件裂纹敏感试样,通过在铸件成分中添加不同比例的稀土元素,探讨稀土元素对铸件产生裂纹倾向的影响.试验结果表明:合适的稀土添加量的增加,铸件裂纹率显著降低:金相组织分析表明,稀土元素添加能较好地细化晶粒,并有效改善夹杂物的数量、尺寸和分布,从而降低了铸钢的裂纹倾向.     

多层自保护药芯焊丝电弧焊焊缝组织和性能

采用ＮＲ４００自保护药芯焊丝焊接厚板高强钢，对多层焊缝的组织、夹杂物及焊缝的韧性进行了研究．结果表明，焊缝柱状区和粗晶加热区组织主要由先共析铁素体和铁素体加第二相所组成，焊缝中较高的含铝量加速了奥氏体的高温分解．焊缝夹杂物多为球状复合氧化物，平均尺寸为０４６μｍ．夹杂物往往成为焊缝断裂的起源，对焊缝冲击韧性有不利影响．自保护药芯焊缝具有优良的冲击韧性，４０Ｊ冲击功所对应的转变温度低于－５０℃，满足工程结构对韧性的要求．焊接位置对焊缝断裂性能有影响，横焊优于立焊．     

钢轨闪光焊接头灰斑特性及成因分析

灰斑是钢轨闪光焊接头中常见的缺陷,对钢轨焊接接头质量有直接的影响.本文通过研究挤出瘤中的夹杂物组织及其形态,并在钢轨闪光焊完成预热烧化后终止焊接作业,取样分析,以探究灰斑的形成原因.结果表明:焊接过程中熔融金属与氧发生反应,各种成分通过扩散作用不断聚集,最终在焊缝局部区域形成硅酸盐夹杂物.受焊接工艺影响及夹杂物流动性差异,顶锻阶段少部分夹杂物未被挤出,从而在焊缝内部形成灰斑.     

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Without questioning the fact that to achieve efficiency emitters should pay for the true costs of their actions (a core principle of economic policies such as pollution taxes), we find sufficient evidence in the literature to demonstrate that many other policy instruments can be used in combination with taxes and permits to ensure that the transport needs of the present generation can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet any needs of their own.The policies and policy aspects considered in this paper broadly fall into three categories: physical policies, soft policies, and knowledge policies. All three aim to bring about changes in consumers’ and firms’ behaviour, but in different ways. The first category includes policies with a physical infrastructure element: public transport, land use, walking and cycling, road construction, and freight transport. We also consider the particular challenges for mobility in developing countries, and how these may be addressed. Soft policies, on the other hand, are non-tangible aiming to bring about behavioural change by informing actors about the consequences of their transport choices, and potentially persuading them to change their behaviour. These measures include car sharing and car pooling, teleworking and teleshopping, eco-driving, as well as general information and advertising campaigns. Finally, knowledge policies emphasise the important role of investment in research and development for a sustainable model of mobility for the future.The main findings can be summarised as follows.

Physical policies

An increase in the use of public transport, combined with a decrease in the use of private cars, can reduce traffic congestion and, more importantly, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, as public transport generally causes lower CO₂ emissions per passenger kilometre than private cars. Public transport fares are subsidised in most places, which can be justified by economies of scale and by the fact that public transport can reduce total road transport externalities. London, Singapore, Portland and Curitiba are all examples of good practice at government level, having achieved reliable, frequent and integrated public transport.Policies to increase public transport use must be part of an integrated policy. Integrated policy refers to integration across different modes of transport, different government objectives (such as the economy, health and the environment), considering the needs of different social groups, and coordinating action between the relevant government institutions. There is evidence that a lack of coordination can jeopardise the achievement of policy objectives.A sustainable model for transport policy also requires integration with land-use policies. These may be somewhat limited within the bounds of existing cities, but as cities grow and new cities are built, urban planners must put more emphasis on land use for sustainable transport in order to reduce congestion and CO₂ emissions. Sustainable land-use policy can direct urban development towards a form that allows public transport as well as walking and cycling to be at the core of urban mobility.Walking and cycling, which improve general health and produce no tailpipe emissions, constitute an excellent alternative to motorised transport on short-distance trips within towns and cities. The policies which can incentivise walking and cycling include crime reduction to make streets safer, well-maintained and clean pavements, attractive street furniture, safe crossings with shorter waiting times, dedicated cycle paths, showers in offices, and lower speed limits, to name but a few.Road construction and expansion used to be seen as one of the most promising ways to reduce traffic congestion. However, in the mid-1990s, the issue was reassessed and it was found that building and expanding roads, increased, rather than decreased, congestion, and ultimately induced higher levels of travel demand. The reason for this is that the extra capacity reduces the general cost of travelling and the less expensive the travel, the more it will be demanded. Regarding freight modal shift, road transport is much more polluting than rail per tonne-km of goods transported and therefore a shift towards greater use of rail in freight transport is desirable. Inadequate infrastructure is the main obstacle preventing this modal shift taking place.Developing countries face great mobility challenges: rural areas are often extremely poorly connected to transport infrastructure, such that, in contrast to the situation in developed countries, the benefits of road construction can strongly outweigh the total costs (including environmental ones). The main challenge, however, is to develop a solution to the problems arising from the combination of urbanisation and motorisation. Integration of transport and land-use policy will be key to rising to this challenge.

Soft policies

Car sharing and car clubs can also potentially reduce CO₂ emissions, although the aggregate reduction in congestion and emissions has not been measured with an adequate degree of precision in the literature. Teleworking and teleshopping can potentially reduce congestion and also CO₂ emissions. However, the evidence for this reduction is rather mixed, as it is unclear whether these measures lead to overall reductions in road transport.Eco-driving campaigns aim to inform and educate drivers in order to induce them to drive in a fuel-efficient and thus environmentally friendly way. There seems to be some consensus in the literature that eco-driving could lead to reductions in CO₂ emissions of around 10 per cent.Information and education policies have often been advocated as instruments which may affect behavioural change. We find in this paper that these types of measures are necessary, but not sufficient for behavioural change. Advertising and marketing may go a long way in changing peoples’ behaviour. In California, for example, Kahn (2007) finds the “Prius” effect: the Toyota Prius is preferred by consumers relative to other similarly green vehicles, probably due to extensive marketing and celebrity endorsements. Family life changes are also found to trigger changes in behaviour ( [Goodwin, 1989] and [106]). People whose lives are being changed by some important development (birth of a child, retirement, etc) tend to respond more to changes in the relative attractiveness of different transport modes. Advertising campaigns promoting a modal shift towards public transport, for instance, may thus be more successful if targeted at people in the process of important life transitions.

Knowledge policies

Research and Development is crucial for developing sustainable and low-carbon transport for the future, and it is essential that governments provide incentives to undertake R&D, so that new low-carbon technologies in the transport sector can be demonstrated and applied at a large scale.Finally, we consider the issue of policy combination and integration. There is evidence that the combination and integration of policies can lead to positive side-effects and synergies. Policy integration is crucial in order to rise to the challenges we face in moving towards a sustainable mobility model. We conclude that classical economic policies may be successfully combined with a number of policy measures discussed in this paper in order to achieve sustainability in transport.     

Workshop report - Social inclusion

The topic of social inclusion is now maturing in the Thredbo conference series, being viewed as an important consideration in many aspects of land transport, the benefits extending beyond the socially excluded targeted population. The social inclusion workshop included presentations on new empirical evidence on the value of providing those at risk of social exclusion with mobility options, and how this links to improvements in personal wellbeing, often through mediating influences such as social capital. Work was presented on the role of transport services specifically targeted to those at risk of exclusion, particularly taxi services and school bus services, as well as how to modify fare structures to maximise inclusion in an efficient, mature transport system. The value of Universal Design principles to groups both at risk of being excluded as well as the current travelling public, was shown. The workshop affirmed the importance of including these wider benefits of inclusion in cost-benefit evaluations of transport. The issue of how best to move knowledge into strategic and operational policy, and the transferability of both knowledge and policy between different countries and settings, was discussed. This paper concludes with suggestions arising from the workshop in relation to policy and research, as well as recommendations for Thredbo 12.     

真空预压垂直铺塑侧向密封技术在软基处理工程中的试验与应用

对于深厚夹砂软土地层进行真空预压加固，侧向密封是个薄弱环节。通过深圳西部某码头一期工程真空预压软基加固实例，介绍垂直铺塑防渗技术首次在真空预压侧向密封中的试验与应用。     

加载管线弯头壁厚减薄分析

为查明某压气站压缩机组附属加载管线弯头壁厚减薄的原因,采用宏观检查、壁厚测量、理化性能分析、金相分析和能谱分析等方法,发现弯头组织中存在大量呈片状分布的非金属夹杂物是导致弯头壁厚减薄的原因,夹杂物导致弯头内部分层,使得壁厚检测时超声波传播遇到不同界面反射回波,显示壁厚减薄。最后给出了防止发生类似事故的建议。     

简析高速重载工况对车轮轮辋疲劳裂纹萌生的影响

研究了在重载列车和高速列车车轮实际使用工况下,轮轨接触应力提高后车轮轮辋内部应力增加对轮辋疲劳裂纹萌生的影响。对普通列车、重载列车、高速列车上实际运用过程中发生辋裂的车轮进行失效分析和研究,结果表明:列车轴重增加和运行速度提高,导致车轮轮辋内部萌生裂纹的"临界夹杂物尺寸"减小,使车轮轮辋中原本处于安全尺寸范围的脆性夹杂物越过"临界夹杂物尺寸"成为疲劳裂纹萌生的主要发源点,最终导致车轮轮辋疲劳裂纹的形成。     

Can carsharing meet the mobility needs for the low-income neighborhoods? Lessons from carsharing usage patterns in New York City

For decades, carsharing has become an attentive dialogue among transportation planners and civic groups who have long supported and business owners and government officials who see carsharing as a means to realize their interests i.e., another market for revenue generation and replacement of government own vehicles with carshare units. It has particularly drawn attention in New York City (NYC). As of today, NYC is the largest carsharing market in the United States, accounting for about one third of all North American carsharing members. In addition to market-driven forces, the City government has pronounced pro-carsharing policies. Yet carsharing is still considered as an exclusive program to middle-income, white, and young populations. The purpose of this study is to see if carsharing can help meet the mobility demand for urban residents, especially in the marginalized neighborhoods. By investigating a leading carsharing program – Zipcar’s vehicle utilization pattern in NYC, I attempt to disentangle how neighborhoods with different socio-demographics are associated with carsharing usage. The study result revealed that there is high demand for midsize (standard) vehicles on weekdays and weeknights. In addition, carsharing usage was highly correlated with the number of total vehicles, not the number of Zipcar parking lots, if the cars are accessible within walking distances. More importantly, carsharing in low-income neighborhoods did not differ from the typical carsharing locations. What matters is the affordability. Hence, there is no reason not to consider new services or expanding existing service boundaries to the outer boroughs in the future.     

ANTIPLANE MULTIPLE CURVED CRACK PROBLEM IN CIR-CULAR INCLUSION AND MATRIX MATERIAL

茫桑遥茫眨蹋粒? ＩＮＣＬＵＳＩＯＮ ＡＮＤ ＭＡＴＲＩＸ ＭＡＴＥＲＩＡＬTX＠陆建飞＠王建华＠沈为平ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｃｉｒｃｕｌａｒｉｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｃｒａｃｋｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ?..