平面二维k-ε紊流模型不同壁函数的对比及研究

在平面二维紊流模型中壁函数起到连接流固的桥梁作用,克服了边界附近网格过密的困难,也是紊流模型应用中的一个重要环节,因此壁函数的选择对模型的模拟结果起着至关重要的作用。将3种不同形式的壁函数引入平面二维k-ε模型中,对丁坝绕流进行了数值计算,并将计算结果与实测数据进行了对比,从流场、流速、紊动动能分布及紊动耗散率等方面对3种壁函数进行优选验证,结果表明对数率壁函数优于其他两种形式的壁函数,其数值计算结果更接近实测数据。     

Emission rates of intermodal rail/road and road-only transportation in Europe: A comprehensive simulation study

Intermodal rail/road transportation combines advantages of both modes of transport and is often seen as an effective approach for reducing the environmental impact of freight transportation. This is because it is often expected that rail transportation emits less greenhouse gases than road transportation. However, the actual emissions of both modes of transport depend on various factors like vehicle type, traction type, fuel emission factors, payload utilization, slope profile or traffic conditions. Still, comprehensive experimental results for estimating emission rates from heavy and voluminous goods in large-scale transportation systems are hardly available so far. This study describes an intermodal rail/road network model that covers the majority of European countries. Using this network model, we estimate emission rates with a mesoscopic model within and between the considered countries by conducting a large-scale simulation of road-only transports and intermodal transports. We show that there are high variations of emission rates for both road-only transportation and intermodal rail/road transportation over the different transport relations in Europe. We found that intermodal routing is more eco-friendly than road-only routing for more than 90% of the simulated shipments. Again, this value varies strongly among country pairs.     

Optimal development of alternative fuel station networks considering node capacity restrictions

A potential solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector is the use of alternative fuel vehicles (AFV). As global GHG emission standards have been in place for passenger cars for several years, infrastructure modelling for new AFV is an established topic. However, as the regulatory focus shifts towards heavy-duty vehicles (HDV), the market diffusion of AFV-HDV will increase as will planning the relevant AFV infrastructure for HDV. Existing modelling approaches need to be adapted, because the energy demand per individual refill increases significantly for HDV and there are regulatory as well as technical limitations for alternative fuel station (AFS) capacities at the same time. While the current research takes capacity restrictions for single stations into account, capacity limits for locations (i.e. nodes) – the places where refuelling stations are built such as highway entries, exits or intersections – are not yet considered. We extend existing models in this respect and introduce an optimal development for AFS considering (station) location capacity restrictions. The proposed method is applied to a case study of a potential fuel cell heavy-duty vehicle AFS network. We find that the location capacity limit has a major impact on the number of stations required, station utilization and station portfolio variety.     

Assessment of energy-saving techniques in direct-current-electrified mass transit systems

Railway rapid transit systems are key stones for the sustainability of mass transit in developed countries. The overwhelming majority of these railway systems are direct-current (DC) electrified and several energy-saving techniques have been proposed in the literature for these systems. The use of regenerative-braking in trains is generally recognised as the main tool to improve the efficiency of DC-electrified mass transit railway systems but the energy recovered in braking cannot always be handled efficiently, above all in low traffic-density situations. Several emerging technologies as energy storage systems or reversible traction substations have the potential for making it possible to efficiently use train-braking. However, a systematic evaluation of their effect is missing in the literature.In this paper, a deep, rigorous and comprehensive study on the factors which affect energy issues in a DC-electrified mass transit railway system is carried out. This study clarifies what the actual potential is for energy saving in each situation. Then, a methodology to asses several energy-saving techniques to improve energy efficiency in DC-electrified mass transit systems is presented, constituting the main contribution of this paper. This methodology has been conceived to help operators in assessing the effect of railway-infrastructure emerging technologies in transit systems, so making it possible to shape planning, capacity, etc. It is stepped out in three basic movements. First of all, a traffic-density scan analysis is conducted in order to clarify the effect of the headway on system behaviour. Secondly, several traffic-density scenarios are simulated for a set of infrastructure-expanded cases. Finally, annual energy saving is evaluated by applying a realistic operation timetable. This methodology has been applied to a case study in Madrid Metro (Spain) to illustrate the steps of its application and the effect of several energy-saving techniques on this specific system. Results confirm that regenerative braking generally leads to an important increase of system energy efficiency – especially at high traffic-density scenarios. It has also been proved that infrastructure improvements can also contribute to energy savings and their contributions are more significant at low traffic densities. Annual energy results have been obtained, which may lead to investment decisions by carrying out an appropriate economic assessment based on cost analysis.The main results of the study presented here are likely to apply to other electric traction systems, at least qualitatively.     

十万吨半潜船“新光华”轮的设计

十万吨半潜船“新光华”轮是708所为中远海运特运开发设计的新旗舰,具有甲板均布载荷大、下潜稳性安全、装卸货作业速度快、结构强度合理、对货品保护好、首艘满足最新半潜船安全及性能规范等一系列技术特点。文章概述了十万吨半潜船船型概况和主要技术特点,分析了最新规则规范的运用,从总布置、主要系统设计等方面展开了重点分析与设计介绍。     

区间序列计数

利用递归,对称等多种方法研究了[1,n]上l度k-区间序列的计数问题,给出了计数公式。特别当k=2,3时,通过分析SIV结构表,得到了s（n,k,l）简洁的多项式计数公式。     

计算机配色中活性染料单位浓度K／S值研究

在计算机自动配色中,所用染料的单位浓度K／S值准确与否,直接影响配色精度。提出的单位浓度K／S值算法思想是,通过引进调整系数,根据不同浓度梯度对光谱数据进行合理的调整,使库贝尔卡-芒克函数与浓度具有更好的线性关系。在实例分析中,用3组活性染料按不同浓度梯度对纯棉织物进行染色,应用最优化方法确定光谱数据的调整系数,进而求解所用染料的单位浓度K／S值,最后由三刺激值匹配算法得出预测配方,并使用CIE1976（L^＊,a^＊,b^＊）均匀颜色空间色差公式来衡量配色效果。实验证明,配色的预测结果能够较好地满足计算机配色的要求。     

A probabilistic framework for weather-based rerouting and delay estimations within an Airspace Planning model

In this paper, we develop a novel severe weather-modeling paradigm to be applied within the context of a large-scale Airspace Planning and collaborative decision-making model in order to reroute flights with respect to a specified probability threshold of encountering severe weather, subject to collision safety, airline equity, and sector workload considerations. This approach serves as an alternative to the current practice adopted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of adjusting flight routes in accordance with the guidelines specified in the National Playbook. Our innovative contributions in this paper include (a) the concept of “Probability-Nets” and the development of discretized representations of various weather phenomena that affect aviation operations; (b) the integration of readily accessible severe weather probabilities from existing weather forecast data provided by the National Weather Service; (c) the generation of flight plans that circumvent severe weather phenomena with specified probability threshold levels, and (d) a probabilistic delay assessment methodology for evaluating planned flight routes that might encounter potentially disruptive weather along its trajectory. Additionally, we conduct an economic benefit analysis using a k-means clustering mechanism in concert with our delay assessment methodology in order to evaluate delay costs and system disruptions associated with variations in probability-net refinement-based information. Computational results and insights are presented based on flight test cases derived from the Enhanced Traffic Management System data provided by the FAA and using weather scenarios derived from the Model Output Statistics forecast data provided by the National Weather Service.     

基于云平台的交通视频检测数据优化研究

交通视频检测技术在智能交通领域应用广泛,成为当前交通信息采集的主要手段.但在恶劣天气条件下,视频车辆检测器采集的交通数据误差较大,难以准确反映路面实际状况.为解决此问题,本文提出基于不同气象能见度等级构建k 型BP网络,对气象能见度低于10 km时的原始交通数据作预处理优化.分析了云计算在交通信息处理方面的优势,基于云计算平台实现了该模型的构建与推广.最后以成都绕城高速七里沟大桥定点观测得到的数据做样本进行实例分析,对比了该模型方法与传统处理方法的数据处理效果,得出了本文方法较传统方法先进的结论.     

客运专线32m后张法预应力混凝土箱梁摩阻试验研究

结合武广客运专线32m后张法预应力混凝土箱梁的管道和锚具、喇叭口摩阻损失试验,介绍了试验原理,推导出采用二元线性回归法求得管道摩阻系数μ和偏差系数k的方法,讨论了摩阻系数对实际预应力张拉的影响。实践表明,摩阻参数计算方法合理可靠、简单易行,所得参数为客专箱梁预制施工提供了依据。