Ghrelin对大鼠小肠转运的作用及对中枢和胃肠道c-Fos表达的影响

目的观察静脉注射ghrelin对大鼠小肠转运的作用及对中枢和胃肠道c-Fos表达的影响。方法大鼠禁食24h,静脉注射ghrelin(2、5、10、20μg/kg),经预先埋置在十二指肠内的导管注入伊文氏蓝溶液,观察不同剂量ghrelin对大鼠小肠转运的影响及ghrelin受体拮抗剂(D-Lys3)GHRP-6对其作用的影响。采用免疫组织化学和图像分析方法观察静脉给予ghrelin对大鼠中枢和胃肠道的c-Fos蛋白的激活情况;观察(D-Lys3)GHRP-6对ghrelin作用的影响。结果 1静脉给予ghrelin 2μg/kg对大鼠小肠转运无显著影响,给予ghrelin 5、10、20μg/kg可剂量依赖性促进小肠转运,此作用可被(D-Lys3)GHRP-6阻断。2静脉注射ghrelin可激活中枢多个部位的c-Fos表达,包括下丘脑室旁核、弓状核、杏仁内侧核、迷走神经背核、孤束核、延髓最后区和胸腰段脊髓背角c-Fos均有表达;胃、十二指肠、空肠和近端结肠肠神经丛的c-Fos有不同程度的表达,其中以胃和近端结肠的c-Fos表达最为显著。应用ghrelin受体拮抗剂(D-Lys3)GHRP-6可抑制ghrelin激活的c-Fos表达。结论 Ghrelin可促进小肠转运,其促动力作用由其受体GHS-R所介导;静脉给予ghrelin可通过肠神经系统和中枢神经系统调节小肠运动。     

THE COLONIC TRANSIT TEST IN THE ASSESSMENT OF CHRONIC CONSTIPATION

In order to assess colonic motility of chronic constipation, colonic transit test was carried out in 34 patients with chronic constipation and in 20 healthy subjects. 20 radiopaque markers are ingested at 8 am before the day test, and plain abdominal films were obtained at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. The normal value of colonic transit test was 16(80%), or more markers passed after 72 h. By means of transit time study, 34 constipated patients were classified into 2 groups: 12 normal transit patients and 22 slow transit patients. There was no difference in colonic transit time between normal transit patients and controls (P＞0.05). Patients with slow transit had more markers left in right colon, left colon and rectosigmoid colon at 48 h (P＜0.01, respectively) and 72 h (P＜0.01, respectively). According to the transit index, 22 slow transit patients were divided into 3 types: 10 cases colonic stasis, 8 cases outlet obstruction and 4 cases colorectal stasis. The study suggests that chronic constipated patients have abnormalbilities of colonic transit.     

功能性出口梗阻型便秘排便动力学研究

目的　探讨功能性出口梗阻型便秘排便动力学特点 ,为诊断和治疗提供依据。方法　 40例结肠传输功能正常的功能性出口梗阻型便秘 (FOOC)患者行肛肠测压 ,肛管肌电图测定等动力学检查 ,计算出动力参数 ,运动指数 ,并与 2 0例自愿受试者作对照分析。结果　静息状态下内括约肌压力FOOC组高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;FOOC的直肠感知敏感性降低 ;FOOC组与正常对照组比较肛管超慢波及不规律波增多 ,运动指数升高 ,自发性松弛减少 ;FOOC组 2 5 %肛管外括约肌无排便时的松弛反射 ,5 2 .5 %EMG为矛盾性收缩。结论　FOOC患者存在平滑肌、横纹肌、自主神经或体神经的功能障碍     

高胆固醇饮食对胆囊结石形成和胆囊运动的影响

目的探讨高胆固醇饮食(HCD)能否引起胆囊胆固醇结石和对胆囊运动的影响及其机制。方法用实体解剖、B超观察HCD组、正常对照组的胆囊成石情况;测定两组的胆囊运动功能;用放免法测定空腹及脂肪餐后血浆胆囊收缩素(CCK)水平;用比色法测定胆汁中胆固醇浓度;观察胆囊病理学改变。结果HCD组的胆固醇结石成石率、胆汁胆固醇浓度显著高于正常对照组(P<0.05);HCD组的脂肪餐后CCK水平、胆囊排空功能低于正常对照组(P<0.05);HCD组有9例出现胆囊炎症性病理改变;正常对照组仅1例出现黏膜水肿。结论高胆固醇饮食可以造成家兔的胆囊胆固醇结石,成石的原因可能与胆囊运动功能障碍、胆固醇代谢紊乱、血浆CCK水平降低、胆囊炎症以及它们之间的相互作用有关。     

Swimming for survival: A role of phytoplankton motility in a stratified turbulent environment

We investigate a role for vertical migration in stratified coastal water, where the swimming speed is generally significantly less than the typical turbulent fluctuations in a tidally-mixed bottom layer. In our modelling approach we use a k- turbulence model to describe the physical forcing, a Lagrangian random walk model to describe the vertical displacement of individual cells in response to turbulence and due to cell motility, and a phytoplankton growth model to direct the swimming behaviour of the phytoplankton according to their light and nutrient requirements. The model results show how the cells form a stable subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) at the base of the thermocline where episodic tidal turbulence causes erosion of part of the SCM biomass into the bottom mixed layer (BML). We then focus on the question of whether an ability to swim (weakly, compared to typical bottom layer turbulent intensities) provides any advantage by allowing return to the SCM. Our results show that tidal turbulence in the BML helps both motile and neutrally-buoyant cells by periodically pushing them into the base of the thermocline. Motile cells then have the advantage that they can swim further into the thermocline towards higher light which also reduces the likelihood of being re-mixed back into the BML.     

考虑船体惯性的蒸汽动力船舶制动能力简易分析方法

在论述现有蒸汽动力船舶制动能力分析大多集中于动力系统本身的变工况过程、没有充分考虑船体惯性影响的基础上,通过建立船体惯性影响下的蒸汽动力船舶制动过程、对比母型船舶得到允许实施全速倒车制动的正车航速、根据部分航速下的滑行数据建立船体滑行速度与滑行时间的关系等,形成了考虑船体惯性的蒸汽动力船舶制动能力简易分析方法。该方法得到的结论偏于保守,对于蒸汽动力船舶的机动性指标论证和试验试航等,具有指导意义。     

STUDY ON GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY IN SLOW TRANSIT CONSTIPATION

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