The visual effects of port redevelopment alternatives

Abstract

In the early 1970s, Seattle Piers 90/91 were declared surplus federal property by the GSA. These obsolescent half‐mile‐long piers and their adjacent uplands were purchased by the Port of Seattle for redevelopment. This urban waterfront site of almost 200 acres presents the Port of Seattle with a number of severe planning problems. While it is the last large deep‐water site on Elliott Bay, it is also in a very sensitive location, since it is overlooked on two sides by vocal residential communities with a history of active intervention in development projects on visual and other environmental grounds.

At Piers 90/91, public concerns over the visual effects of port redevelopment include:

1. nuisance effects of night‐operations lighting on adjacent hillside residences;

2. nighttime obstruction of distant views due to increased foreground illumination;

3. day and night view obstruction by tall structures such as container‐handling cranes;

4. alteration of the character of both day and nighttime views by new port facilities.

As part of a program to study the effects of alternative redevelopment strategies for Piers 90/91, the Port has undertaken a through examination of the visual effects of different uses, their visual appropriateness, and the ways by which adverse visual effects can be mitigated. The results were incorporated into an environmental impact statement which documented compliance with the Seattle Shoreline Master Program and with view protection and glare provisions of the City's S.E.P.A. guidelines.

A systematic Visual Resource Management (VRM) approach was successfully employed on this coastal zone project. Major elements included visibility mapping, key view selection, analysis of existing visual character, simulation of alternatives, assessment of relative visual compatibility, and determination of effective mitigation measures. Community involvement has also been a critical element in this approach to assessing and managing the visual effects of redevelopment in a major urban port.     

复杂电磁环境和夜间控制灯光条件下行车指挥与控制

在分析夜间微光辐射特性、夜视器材侦察的特点和大气对可见光短波（蓝紫光）散射衰减特性的基础上,针对汽车部（分）队行车电磁环境复杂、车辆相互间通信困难、安全行车与指挥控制难等现状,提出采用蓝紫光解决车队行进中隐蔽照明与通信问题,阐述了隐蔽照明方法、道路标示和行车指挥方法以及隐蔽通信方法等,有利于降低汽车夜间行车暴露征候,实现安全运输。     

高速公路驾驶员夜间识别距离研究

高速公路夜间的交通事故率和死亡率均高于白天。对长松高速公路实验路段按照平曲线半径和纵坡值进行分类,通过实地行车实验,得到不同行驶速度下白天和夜间驾驶员对交通标志的识别距离数据。结果表明,驾驶员的昼夜识别距离随着行驶速度的增加而降低,曲线路段夜间对驾驶员的识别距离影响较白天显著,在曲线路段不同行驶速度下的夜间识别距离均小于白天。研究结果可以为我国高速公路交通管理部门制定夜间车速限制标准提供理论参考。     

夜间道路养护作业施工管理决策影响因素分析

通过对上海市夜间道路养护作业情况的调查,分析了决定实行夜间养护作业的影响因素和各个因素的重要程度,并提出部分建议。     

Shifting urban freight deliveries to the off-peak hours: a review of theory and practice

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on off-peak hour deliveries (OPHD). The review identifies different approaches and policy levers used in the past, such as the laissez-faire approach, a road pricing approach, an incentives approach, and a regulatory approach. The paper also identifies different delivery reception schemes discussed in the literature. The authors complement the theory with a synthesis of pilot tests and the analysis of a set of interviews with practitioners (from the public sector and other organisations) in charge of OPHD programmes. The results from this review show the potential benefits that these programmes could bring about, the challenges faced in the early stages – along with potential solutions – and the significant progress that has been made in this domain in the last decade. According to the review, the results from the pilot tests tend to be positive, suggesting the importance of these programmes to reach more efficient and sustainable transportation systems.     

城市轨道交通夜间延时运营的探讨

世界上越来越多的城市轨道交通实现了在周末通宵运营,而运营时长也在逐步提升。通过调研世界15大城市轨道交通线网的运营时长,结合纽约、伦敦等典型城市的案例,分析夜间延时运营的优缺点,并深入探讨典型城市夜间运营的组织和发展趋势,分析这一趋势形成的技术和社会因素,提出夜间延时运营对于提升公共服务均质化、拉动夜间经济和消费以及体现城市开放性等方面具有重要意义。为我国城市夜间运营提出适当延长运营时长,基于时间、空间的差别化策略,以及结合减员增效提升服务品质等若干建议。     

雨夜驾驶人对黑色障碍物视认距离变化规律研究

为预防和减少雨夜道路交通事故,定量研究降雨强度对驾驶人视认距离变化规律,以确定行车速度、停车视距及限速选择,进行实际道路试验研究。试验共选择被试38人,在不同降雨量的雨夜,选用黑色障碍物,在不同车速条件下,进行驾驶人空间距离判识实际道路试验。试验共进行71组,最终依据速度和降雨强度,聚类为25组不同条件下全样本试验。统计全部结果,分析数据分布特征。利用曲面回归分析方法,建立视认距离随降雨量和行车速度变化规律函数模型。模型相关系数为0.9832,模型有效度系数为0.94,可有效表示视认距离与瞬时降雨强度和行驶速度之间的关系。研究表明,随着单位时间内降雨量增加,视认距离缩短;随着行驶速度增加,视认距离减小;当两因素耦合作用于驾驶人时,会因为视认距离减小导致允许反应时间缩短。