Costs of air pollutants from shipping: a meta-regression analysis

ABSTRACT

This study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulphur dioxides (SO₂) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM_2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM_2.5 and lowest for NO_x. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM_2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism.     

Online channel strategies under different offline channel power structures for the Belt and Road of China

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the online channel strategies adopted by Chinese manufacturers with regard to the Belt and Road. It also investigates the effect of offline channel power structures and maritime transportation costs on online channel mode selection and pricing strategies. The offline channel power structures are classified into three types, namely, Chinese manufacturer Stackelberg (MS) structure, vertical Nash (VN) structure, and foreign retailer Stackelberg (RS) structure. Furthermore, a game model is developed among the Chinese manufacturer, foreign retailer, and cross-border e-tailer to investigate the interactions among offline channel power structures, maritime transportation costs, and Chinese manufacturers’ online channel mode selection. The results show that Chinese manufacturers’ preferences for the online agency selling mode increases correspondingly with the decrease in their market position and bargaining power. Moreover, foreign retailers can obtain higher profits in the online agency selling mode under the VN structure. However, the level of profit for foreign retailers depends on the intensity of their competition with cross-border e-tailers under the MS and RS structures. Finally, consumers in countries along the Belt and Road can obtain a higher surplus in the online agency selling mode under all of the structures.     

论港口建设工程造价的全过程管理

港口建设工程造价的控制与管理是一个动态的过程,文中重点分析了在项目投资决策阶段、项目设计阶段、项目实施阶段和竣工阶段全过程造价管理的方法与侧重点,以提高投资效益。     

张家界武陵山大道拓宽改造工程总体方案设计

由于城市架构层层扩张,交通压力不断增大,因而需对既有道路进行拓宽改造.以张家界市武陵山大道(张清公路)拓宽改造为工程实例,介绍其建设背景、项目概况和主要技术标准.通过对工程交通流量的预测和规模的论证,对工程总体方案进行了研究.根据不同路段的功能情况对子午路(起点)至县道X018(终点)中4个路段的横断面型式进行了分别布置;在充分考虑与周边地块进行衔接的基础上,对大学城高架节点等4个节点进行了设计.最后总结强调,项目在设计过程中,在满足道路畅通的同时,还要充分考虑地方规划、现状条件、挖填平衡、不同路段的功能和周边地块情况,以完善区域路网结构,带动沿线经济发展.     

山区大跨双层钢桁梁斜拉桥总体方案设计

某山区大桥位于宜昌市五峰县渔洋关附近,是宜都至来凤高速公路(宜昌段)控制性工程,亦是省道242渔洋关绕城段公路关键工程.大桥桥位跨越典型的深切“V”型沟谷,拟采用主跨480 m双层钢桁梁斜拉桥.介绍了大桥的工程概况、主要技术标准及工程特点,并对大桥的总体方案设计进行了论述.     

轨道交通引导发展的全景式协调框架与策略探讨

轨道交通建设资金投入大、运营费用高,因此大家对轨道交通建设的综合效益期望也越来越多,最现实的做法就是利用轨道交通沿线土地增值效益作为轨道交通建设运营的融资途径。香港的成功经验激励着大家对"轨道+物业"发展的追求。但鉴于政策、规划管理体系、轨道建设运营制度等众多约束因素,国内城市轨道交通TOD(交通引导发展)模式的实施艰难无比。通过项目实例研究,从规划、轨道财务、市场等全景角度探讨轨道交通TOD的协调框架和策略,目的是促进"轨道沿线土地综合开发"与城市、轨道财务、市场三者协调发展,使得轨道TOD发展理念下"轨道+物业"模式健康发展。     

从运营角度分析城市轨道交通建设阶段需重视的问题

分析了城市轨道交通网络化运营面临的主要问题,从运营角度提出了建设阶段必须关注的总体设计、标准化设计、国产化和信息化等问题。分析了忽视这些问题对网络化运营的安全性、可靠性和效率的影响,阐述了总体设计、标准化设计、国产化设计和信息化设计在建设阶段应关注的重点。     

公路隧道防雷接地系统研究

分析了公路隧道防雷接地的特殊性，提出将隧道初期支护的锚杆、管棚、拱架等焊接固连起来多点引出做基础接地体，构成接地装置，并采用拦截、屏蔽、均压(等电位连接)、分流和共用接地系统等综合防雷方案。实践证明，行之有效，对公路隧道防雷接地具有现实意义。     

The effects of federal transit subsidy policy on investment decisions: The case of San Francisco's Geary Corridor

In the United States, federal funding for public transit often accounts for a large proportion of a local agency's budget, especially for capital investments. For this reason, local governments can be expected to plan a portfolio of projects that maximize federal contributions. This study examines the financial effects of federal transit subsidy policy on local transit investment decisions. Data from a System Planning Study for the Geary Corridor in San Francisco are used as an illustration. It is found that federal transit subsidy policy provides financial incentives for local decision-makers to select capital-intensive investment options that may not be efficient or effective. While federal financial incentives are not the only factor influencing local investment decisions, some reform of the current subsidy policy may be necessary to reduce the incentive for ineffective use of public resources.     

南昌生米大桥总体设计

生米大桥是南昌市外环快速道上的城市桥梁，全长3880m，简要介绍生米大桥的项目概况、建设条件、总体布局、技术标准、技术特点、关键技术、科学研究等有关情况。