民国时期民生状况研究——以皖北地区为对象

民国时期,以农民为主体的皖北民众生活极端贫困.首先,农户收入普遍过低,衡之以当时的一般收入标准,其农户绝大部分处于贫困状态;其次,受收入偏低的影响,皖北农户整体消费水平不高;再次,消费结构不合理,满足生存最基本之需的食品支出在农户全年所有费用支出中占有绝对比重,其消费是一种压缩性的节俭型畸形消费.     

铁路建设项目社会评价初探

铁路是我国国民经济的大动脉，项目投资规模大，涉及范围广，对区域经济和社会发展影响显著，涉及环境保护、征地拆迁、移民安置等问题，有明显的外部性和公益性特征，因此，从客观上要求在项目论证中必须重视各种社会因素的分析评价。阐述了社会评价在我国铁路建设项目中的应用情况，重点分析了铁路利用外资项目实施社会评价的主要经验，并对我国铁路项目开展社会评价工作提出建议。     

An empirical investigation into the time-use and activity patterns of dual-earner couples with and without young children

This paper examines the time-use patterns of adults in dual-earner households with and without children as a function of several individual and household socio-demographics and employment characteristics. A disaggregate activity purpose classification including both in-home and out-of-home activity pursuits is used because of the travel demand relevance of out-of-home pursuits, as well as to examine both mobility-related and general time-use related social exclusion and time poverty issues. The study uses the Nested Multiple Discrete Continuous Extreme Value (MDCNEV) model, which recognizes that time-decisions entail the choice of participating in one or more activity purposes along with the amount of time to invest in each chosen activity purpose, and allows generic correlation structures to account for common unobserved factors that might impact the choice of multiple alternatives. The 2010 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data is used for the empirical analysis. A major finding of the study is that the presence of a child in dual-earner households not only leads to a reduction in in-home non-work activity participation (excluding child care activities) but also a substantially larger decrease in out-of-home non-work activity participation (excluding child care and shopping activities), suggesting a higher level of mobility-related social exclusion relative to overall time-use social exclusion. To summarize, the results in the paper underscore the importance of considering household structure in activity-based travel demand models, as well as re-designing work policies in the United States to facilitate a reduction in work-family conflict in dual-earner families.     

新疆四县农村3岁以下儿童营养状况分析

目的　了解新疆维吾尔族自治区 (简称新疆 )农村 3岁以下儿童的营养状况 ,为针对性开展干预提供决策依据。方法　对新疆 4县进行了随机抽样横断面调查 ,以身高和体重作为衡量儿童营养状况的指标。结果　该地区 3岁以下儿童生长迟缓 (HAZ <- 2 )、低体重 (WAZ <- 2 )和消瘦 (WHZ <- 2 )的总患病率分别为 2 4.3 %、2 3 .1%和 9.1% ;维吾尔族高于汉族 ;经济差的县高于经济好的县。与NCHS/WHO标准分布比较 ,新疆儿童HAZ和WAZ的分布显著左移。结论　新疆农村 3岁以下儿童存在着较严重的营养问题。应积极开展营养健康教育 ,加强儿童常见病的防治。在重点干预的同时 ,还要注意改善整体儿童的营养状况     

连片特困地区可达性与贫困程度的空间耦合模型

为获取连片特困地区综合交通可达性与贫困程度的空间耦合特征,基于空间截面数据,构建了因子分析—熵权多维贫困测度模型、综合交通可达性评估模型和空间耦合协调模型,并以滇西边境山区为例进行分析验证.结果表明:整体空间上,贫困程度表现出由中心向外围扩散的模式,呈现南部高于北部、边缘高于中心的空间特征;综合交通可达性空间分异显著,可达性值呈"偏左正态分布",并在主要节点形成了"Y字型"综合交通可达性优势带;贫困程度与综合交通可达性的耦合协调水平两极化特征明显,中心区域及边缘地带上的空间耦合关系显著,协调发展水平较高;其他县域耦合协调发展水平偏低,交通基础设施的扶贫效应有待发挥.     

中国农村贫困的金融成因:基于产权视角的分析

金融压抑是导致中国欠发达地区贫困的重要成因。基于中国农村金融发展的现实，本从制度经济学的视角，深入剖析了产权界定在中国农村金融压抑形成中的作用机制，进而指出：产权制度缺陷是导致中国农村金融压抑的深层原因；以农村信用社产权明晰为核心内容的农村金融改革，可以有效消除中国贫困地区的金融压抑，促进贫困地区的农村金融发展，进而大大加快中国的扶贫开发进程。     

高等学校贫困生资助及其经费筹措刍议

本分析了目前我国高等学校贫困生资助工作的社会背景、贫困生接受资助情况、贫困生资助经费的来源以及贫困生资助经费多渠道筹措机制，同时对高等教育募款渠道和高等教育贫困生资助工作的有关问题做了讨论。     

考虑消费者扶贫偏好的扶贫农产品引入策略研究

虽然我国完成了消除绝对贫困的艰巨任务,但相对贫困的地区依然存在,并且伴随着规模不经济、农户难以融入大市场等问题,建立扶贫品牌可以有效帮助贫困农户增收。因此,本文考虑了消费者的扶贫偏好,对来自贫困地区农产品(扶贫农产品)引入市场后的市场竞争进行探究后发现,(1)扶贫农产品的低价策略不会降低普通农产品的批发价格和零售价格,有利于市场稳定,但引入扶贫农产品总是有从普通农产品的市场中获取销量的趋势,零售商可以通过调整价格策略来增加整体市场覆盖率。(2)固定引入成本与规模不经济现象为扶贫农产品的引入设置了障碍。(3)扶贫偏好型消费者比例对普通农户产生影响,它们的溢价支付意愿对贫困农户产生影响,当这两个参数都达到一定水平时,零售商会主动引入扶贫农产品并采用高价策略。最后给出了立足于政府、企业和农民三个角度的管理学启示,旨在鼓励社会各方积极参与品牌扶贫。     

Book review

Coastal Management: Readings and Notes. Edited by Marc J. Hershman and James H. Feldmann. Institute for Marine Studies, Coastal Resources Program, University of Washington, Seattle (January 1979), 806 pp. $22.50 (paper bound).

Tobey L. Winters, Deepwater Ports in the United States: An Economic and Environmental Impact Study. N.Y. Praeger, 1977, 201 pages.     

Coastal Livelihood Diversification as a Pathway Out of Poverty and Vulnerability: Experiences from Tanzania

Livelihood diversification can increase the number of activities generating income and is often adopted as a means to reduce vulnerability to risk and provide a pathway out of poverty. Previous empirical studies, however, have found that this diversification carries no guarantee of success. This study examines the impacts of investments in conservation-based enterprises and micro-credit interventions implemented in coastal Tanzania. Project beneficiaries (n = 178) and non-beneficiaries (n = 117) from seventeen communities surrounding Saadani National Park and the Menai Bay Conservation area were surveyed in 2013, to gather quantitative and qualitative data on a suite of parameters including the number of livelihood activities, total annual income, and engagement in extractive activities. We found that the beneficiaries reported an average of 2.15 livelihoods, which was significantly higher than the 1.44 average reported by the non-beneficiaries. The beneficiaries also had significantly higher mean annual incomes than the non-beneficiaries as the former reported an annual mean income of US $2,076 while the latter reported US $646. The research found a complex relationship between occupational diversity and people's interactions with the environment and it is clear that livelihood diversification is not a blanket solution to reducing pressure on coastal resources. Another important finding from the research is that there are distinct differences between types of livelihood interventions and it is crucial to be clear about the goal of a livelihoods intervention. If the goal is diversifying livelihoods and strengthening resilience, then livelihoods that provide a small and steady income for many entrepreneurs may be enough. However, if the goal is to bring people out of a poverty trap, then it makes more sense to invest in livelihoods that bring in a higher income, even if that means reaching fewer beneficiaries.