Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO2eq intensities

In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses.In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO_2eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO_2eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle.In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO_2eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO_2eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO_2eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO_2eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power.     

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通过复核工程数量、合理计算运杂费和灵活编制补充单价,以及在认真检查计算过程中存在的问题等方面,简述提高报价内涵质量.     

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对CRH3型高速动车组牵引传动系统采用的四象限整流器,在分析了其基本原理及其控制策略的基础上,利用Matlab/Simulink建立了一种基于预测电流控制方法的四象限脉冲整流器的仿真模型。仿真结果表明,预测电流控制方法可以保持中间直流环节电压的稳定输出,实现调压稳压的功能,并且网侧功率因数近似等于1,谐波含量较小。     

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在分析双电感半桥电路的基础上,提出了一种基于改进半桥拓扑结构的新型有源电力滤波器,它消除了传统有源滤波器拓扑的桥臂直通故障隐患,且具有可高频、高效率运行的优点。文章详细分析了其工作原理,给出了相应的控制策略。仿真和实验结果验证了这种新型有源滤波器的可行性。     

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现代社会迅猛发展的过程中,逐渐对人才提出了更高的要求,不仅要学生掌握较多的理论知识,而且还要具备较高的专业技能水平。所以,中高职类院校对机械产品设计类专业学生培养时,应转变以往的教学理念,对专业技能培训产生高度重视,进而向社会输送更多高素质的专业技能型人才。基于此,本文通过对机械产品设计类专业学生应具备的专业技能的简单介绍,进而制定出相应的培养策略,为提升学生的专业节能奠定良好基础。