Establishment of Community Managed Fisheries’ Closures in Kenya: Early Evolution of the Tengefu Movement

Community-based management (CBM) could be an essential tool to prevent the depletion of marine resources in the Western Indian Ocean region. In Kenya, political pressure to strengthen local governance, has led to adoption of CBM as a way of reducing over-exploitation and managing the competing uses and impacts on the marine environment. Several communities in Kenya have embraced CBM and have set aside or closed previously fished areas to enhance recovery of fisheries and biodiversity. These community fisheries closures (locally called tengefu), despite being degraded, may recover to finfish abundances and biodiversity levels similar to established MPAs or above thresholds for maintaining some ecological services. Communities see their direct involvement and control of these tengefu as more likely to result in benefits flowing directly to them. Community closures are also important for articulating and resolving community values and strengthening their management capacity. Here, we describe the evolution of the tengefu movement in Kenya and combine information from focus group discussions, interviews, underwater surveys and boundary marking to evaluate the current status, opportunities and challenges facing these tengefu. We show that in some cases community closures suffer from slow and incomplete national and local legislative processes, challenges to compliance, and weak management.     

岛礁地形下半潜平台水动力性能研究

文章基于一岛礁实地的地形数据,针对该地形下的半潜式平台进行了水动力及运动响应分析,重点研究了岛礁地形对平台运动响应的影响,并结合模型试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明应用目前常用的以线性波浪理论为基础的数值方法,通过引入对地形与平台之间的绕射与辐射水动力的干扰计算,可以对岛礁地形下的半潜平台进行水动力和运动分析。研究所得到的岛礁条件下的平台运动响应结果与模型试验值对比较为吻合。     

Monitoring Human Activity in an Area Dedicated to the Protection of the Endangered Mediterranean Monk Seal

Mediterranean monk seal populations have declined dramatically and survive in subpopulations scattered throughout their original distribution. The National Marine Park of Alonnisos, Northern Sporades is the first marine protected Area dedicated to the protection of the species in the Mediterranean. A Monitoring and Awareness Project has been carried out in the area from 1993 to 2000, the results of which have produced a detailed profile of the human usage pattern of the Park and indicated a significant reduction of illegal activities in the area. The pattern of human usage has enabled the monitoring team to adjust their efforts in the Park over time and provided essential baseline data for future management. The combined monitoring and awareness efforts have contributed significantly to the conservation of the Mediterranean monk seal by successfully protecting pupping sites and reducing human-induced mortality of the species in the area.     

珊瑚礁灰岩可搅拌性PFC3D数值模拟研究

利用珊瑚礁灰岩地区某工程的三轴搅拌桩施工现场数据,采用PFC~(3D)离散元软件分别对不同珊瑚礁灰岩强度、厚度,以及上覆土层厚度进行数值模拟分析。模拟结果显示,当珊瑚礁灰岩强度超过4 MPa,厚度超过3 m后,三轴搅拌机竖向抗力及抵抗弯矩达到其自身性能的极限,出现卡钻、抱钻情况,从而造成三轴搅拌桩止水帷幕无法施工,而上覆土层厚度的变化则对施工几乎没有影响。用离散元模拟结果与现场实际施工情况进行比较发现:数值模拟结果与现场实际施工情况较为吻合,对现场施工有一定的指导作用。     

复杂礁盘地形对防波堤堤脚稳定性影响试验研究

针对礁盘地形上波浪运动形态的复杂性及相关防波堤工程设计中的结构稳定性问题,对礁盘地形附近某工程及相关海域的海床地形进行模拟,并通过波浪整体物理模型试验验证工程区防波堤堤脚的稳定性情况。试验结果表明:礁盘地形上堤脚块石稳定重力若按规范计算偏危险。研究结合试验现象及结果对堤脚进行优化,提出礁盘地形上防波堤堤脚开槽的优化方案。     

嵌入GPS数据的AutoCAD平台在水运工程施工导航中的应用

基于泉州湾深水航道工程的实践,重点介绍自主研发的、在AutoCAD平台中嵌入全球定位系统(GPS)精确数据的水上施工导航软件及相应成图软件的主要用途和功能,该软件结合了AutoCAD强大的操作功能和GPS系统的实时定位信息,可广泛应用于水上测量、施工定位等作业,能够高效快速地实现施工导航定位并绘制成果图。该软件已获国家版权注册。     

水口坝下水位治理工程施工期通航研究

水口坝下水位治理工程施工期为3.5 a。为了解决施工期通航问题,针对施工河段的通航条件和水位治理枢纽布置情况,通过理论分析和模型试验,提出了航道疏浚清淤、炸礁除障与电站科学调度相结合的通航确保措施。结果明,二期围堰与四期围堰施工期间,两个枯水季节的部分时段的通航保证率较低;其余施工时间内,施工河段的通航保证率均达85%以上,提出的通航确保措施实现了水口坝下水位治理工程施工期间闽江航运的畅通。     

钻孔灌注桩在珊瑚礁地质条件下的施工工艺

在珊瑚礁地质条件下,先冲孔穿透珊瑚礁再钻孔施工灌注桩,在国外设备受限的条件下完成了任务,对于工程量不大的项目起到了很好的效果,在类似工程中可以借鉴。     

Biological Status Assessment of Coral Reefs in Southern Puerto Rico: Supporting Coral Reef Protection Under the U.S. Clean Water Act

Abstract

States and other jurisdictions may protect coral reefs using biological water quality standards outlined by the United States Clean Water Act (CWA). Such protection will require long-term, regional monitoring of the resource using biological indicators and a probability-based sampling design. A 60-station survey targeting nearshore linear coral reef was conducted across southern Puerto Rico in December 2011 to document the status of reef inhabitants using a probabilistic, regional sampling design. The quantity, type and condition of stony corals, fish, gorgonians, and sponges were documented from each station, providing a robust representation of linear reef status and composition across the region. Fish represented 106 unique taxa and stony corals 32 unique taxa. Benthic organisms (stony corals, sponges, and gorgonians) averaged nearly 12 colonies per square meter, more than half of which were gorgonians. Assessment results can be used as a baseline to compare with future regional surveys to quantify change in reef condition over time (trend). Both temporal and spatial changes can be expected after large-scale disturbances like hurricanes Maria and Irma in 2017. The indicators and probabilistic sampling design support the long-term regional monitoring envisioned by the Environmental Protection Agency to implement CWA protections in Puerto Rico and elsewhere.     

Perceptions of Diving Impacts and Implications for Reef Conservation

SCUBA diving can contribute to both coral reef degradation and conservation. Divers’ perceptions of these possible impacts were studied in Phuket, Thailand. The most endorsed impact of diving was a positive one: the educational impact on the divers. Impact perceptions changed after the dive. Perceptions of anchor damage and garbage disposal as negative impacts fell markedly. Following the trip liveaboard divers were more likely than day divers to see the impact of diving as positive. Almost 30% of divers witnessed perceived negative impacts on the reef by their dive group. Divers who saw damage were more likely to feel that diving has a negative impact on the reef than divers who did not see impacts. They were also more likely to take part in a reef conservation project. The results reinforce the potential for diving to be a positive force for reef conservation but indicate the need for greater investment in diver education.