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ABSTRACTThe economic history of the U.S. illustrates how the role of many cities has been changed by being seaports or located on navigable rivers or lakes. Based on the widening of the Panama Canal in 2016, the West Coast ports that include the west coast seaports of California, Oregon, and Washington were expected to become less important, while the freight shares of the East Coast and Gulf ports would increase. By how much it has been not easy to measure or predict so far, but this study attempted to define some of the key parameters in the measurement. As well as several relevant background topics, both the demand- and supply-side versions of the National Interstate Economic Model, have been applied for the measurement of economic impacts. U.S. port authorities and policy makers at the local and national levels who respond and develop plans for coping with the new realities of the Panama Canal are able to understand the extent to which changes in shippers’ and land-mode transporters’ behaviors would undermine the logistics and the costs of their activities. Therefore, this study is important for a diverse spectrum of port development strategies in the U.S. to respond to the Canal expansion. 相似文献
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系统而详尽地介绍了美国海岸警备队(USCG)对船舶检查的特点,以及船舶为适应USCG要求而应该采取的对策。 相似文献
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对美军陆、海、空战略运输能力和战略运输指挥能力及建设情况进行了逐一解析,并就加强我军战略运输能力,在完善运输指挥体系、运输力量结构优化和战场交通基础设施建设方面提出了几点建议。 相似文献
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This primary objective of this paper is to examine the causes for the change in energy consumption in the transport sector in India. The pattern of energy consumption and their causes for change are benchmarked against select countries. A mathematical model that decomposes changes in energy consumption to various factors has been used. The changes in the energy consumption are attributed to growth in transport volume, structural change or modal shift, and energy intensity. The analysis is conducted for passenger and freight transport separately. Results indicate that the growth in transport volume has been the main cause for increase in energy consumption for both passenger and freight transport in India despite the decline in energy intensity of various transport modes. Though not surprising for a growing economy like India, this poses a challenge for the future. Currently, India is a low carbon economy. 相似文献
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Asha Weinstein Agrawal Paul Schimek 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2007,12(8):548-563
This paper examines data about walking trips in the US Department of Transportation’s 2001 National Household Travel Survey. The paper describes and critiques the methods used in the survey to collect data on walking. Using these data, we summarize the extent of walking, the duration and distance of walk trips, and variations in walking behavior according to geographic and socio-demographic factors. The results show that most Americans do not walk at all, but those who do average close to thirty minutes of walking a day. Walk trips averaged about a half-mile, but the median trip distance was a quarter of a mile. A significant percentage of the time Americans’ walk was spent traveling to and from transit trips. Binary logit models are used for examining utility and recreational walk trips and show a positive relationship between walking and population density for both. For recreational trips, this effect shows up at the extreme low and high ends of density. For utility trips, the odds of reporting a walk trip increase with each density category, but the effect is most pronounced at the highest density categories. At the highest densities, a large portion of the effect of density occurs via the intermediary of car ownership. Educational attainment has a strong effect on propensity to take walk trips, for both for utility and recreation. Higher income was associated with fewer utility walk trips but more recreational trips. Asians, Latinos, and blacks were less likely to take utility walk trips than whites, after controlling for income, education, density, and car ownership. The ethnic differences in walking are even larger for recreational trips. 相似文献
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J. R. Serrano F. J. Arnau V. Dolz A. Tiseira M. Lejeune N. Auffret 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(3):277-288
This article presents a two-stage turbocharged heavy-duty diesel (HDD) engine designed to fulfil the US2007 anti-pollution
directive. This directive imposes very restrictive limits on the NOx and particle emissions of HDD engines. In this work,
the possibility of combining particle traps in the exhaust line to reduce soot emissions with very high EGR rates to reduce
NOx emissions is considered. This new generation engine implements two-stage turbocharging in order to improve the bsfc when
the engine is working on steady conditions as well as to optimize the engine transient response. After carrying out the tests,
the results were analyzed and the engine settings were adjusted to maximise its behaviour and minimise pollutant emissions.
NOx and soot emission peaks were also analyzed at engine transient conditions in order to keep them under certain levels,
and thus maintain the overall pollutant emissions to a level that is as low as possible. In summary, a double-stage turbocharging
configuration can greatly improve engine driveability (between 23% and 36% depending on engine speed), while reducing NOx
emissions during transient evolution without increasing opacity peaks beyond the stated limits. 相似文献
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目的:探讨早产儿经下肢置入的方法和意义。方法:选择下肢膝关节内侧大隐静脉和踝关节大隐静脉进行穿刺置管。结果:20例置管全部一次成功,保留时间为9-15天,无并发症发生。结论:经下肢PICC穿刺置管,从穿刺部位的选择、置管深度的测量、穿刺体位的摆放、合并症的预防和导管护理等方面可以更好地护理患儿。 相似文献
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浅析美国海军装备发展和舰船维修改革 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
文章研究分析了美国海军装备发展特点、舰船装备维修保障的现状和持续不断的维修改革情况,提出了海军装备发展、舰船维修保障建设、军民一体化装备保障和解决维修保障问题的意见和建议。 相似文献
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进入新世纪,美国国内关于批判和修改现行军事战略的呼声甚为强烈.本文就美国现行军事战略的基本内容,美国国内关于军事战略争论的几个重要问题,以及新一届美国政府可能对军事战略做出的重大调整作了简要评析. 相似文献