A survey of wheel–rail contact models for rail vehicles

Accurate and efficient contact models for wheel–rail interaction are essential for the study of the dynamic behaviour of a railway vehicle. Assessment of the contact forces and moments, as well as contact geometry provide a fundamental foundation for such tasks as design of braking and traction control systems, prediction of wheel and rail wear, and evaluation of ride safety and comfort. This paper discusses the evolution and the current state of the theories for solving the wheel–rail contact problem for rolling stock. The well-known theories for modelling both normal contact (Hertzian and non-Hertzian) and tangential contact (Kalker's linear theory, FASTSIM, CONTACT, Polach's theory, etc.) are reviewed. The paper discusses the simplifying assumptions for developing these models and compares their functionality. The experimental studies for evaluation of contact models are also reviewed. This paper concludes with discussing open areas in contact mechanics that require further research for developing better models to represent the wheel–rail interaction.     

转向器齿轮齿条传动副的几何和啮合计算

齿轮齿条式转向器中的齿轮齿数仅有5～8个齿,按标准齿轮或简单变位齿轮的几何计算方法设计齿轮和齿争,无法使其重合度达到1.0.文章介绍了运用虚拟齿轮及当量齿轮的方法计算重合度,并通过大量计算得到参数选择表,方便设计师的查阅使用。阐述了齿轮齿顶圆齿厚计算方法、齿条齿根圆角及齿务齿根过渡曲线干涉验算方法。表明通过合理选择变位系数、齿顶高及齿根高,可以确保齿轮和齿顶圆齿厚达到0．3—0．5个模数,重合度达到1．0。并给出计算实例：     

Wheel-rail contact models for vehicle system dynamics including multi-point contact

Advanced modelling of rail vehicle dynamics requires realistic solutions of contact problems for wheels and rails that are able to describe contact singularities, encountered for wheels and rails. The basic singularities demonstrate themselves as double and multiple contact patches. The solutions of the contact problems have to be known practically in each step of the numerical integration of the differential equations of the model. The existing fast, approximate methods of solution to achieve this goal have been outlined. One way to do this is to replace a multi-point contact by a set of ellipses. The other methods are based on so-called virtual penetration. They allow calculating the non-elliptical, multiple contact patches and creep forces online, during integration of the model. This allows nearly real-time simulations. The methods are valid and applicable for so-called quasi-Hertzian cases, when the contact conditions do not deviate much from the assumptions of the Hertz theory. It is believed that it is worthwhile to use them in other cases too.     

薄板点焊预压时接触压力的有限元分析

对薄板结构点焊预压阶段进行了弹塑性有限元分析,得到了在锥端和球端两种电极作用下工件-工件界面和电极一工件界面的接触压力分布及工件变形情况：计算结果表明,工件在焊点附近的局部变形符合圣维南原理,但在多焊点柔性大结构的分析中应考虑局部变形的累积效应。预压阶段的分析结果有助于确定后续瞬态多耦合场分析时的初始条件.     

Catenary riser sliding and rolling on seabed during induced lateral movement

Catenary risers have an interaction zone with the seabed, usually referenced as flowline. Movements in this region can be induced by sea currents and large offsets in floating unit, leading to touchdown position changes and affecting internal loads along riser length. In this work the contact flowline-seabed is modeled including sliding and rolling friction. Case studies involving large offsets in floating unit and lateral sea currents are solved to better understand the consequences of possible rolling and large sliding. The riser is modeled using a geometrically-exact finite element beam model. The contact is addressed with a new technique to include rotation movements from underlying beam models. This leads to global riser models including complex kinematics, being able to represent scenarios with alternating sliding/rolling and its consequences on internal loads of riser structure. A parametric study is performed to measure the influence of the friction coefficient in tension and torsion along typical flexible pipe and steel pipe catenary risers.     

弓网动态接触压力测量方法研究

在电气化铁路中,弓网接触压力对机车供电可靠性及质量起着重要作用。通过总结分析国内外测量方法,对影响弓网接触压力的因素及受电弓受力情况进行分析,设计一种检测弓网动态接触压力及机车运行方向摩擦力的装置,并对误差进行分析。     

Survey of programs on contact mechanics developed by J.J. Kalker

In his extensive career, Joost Kalker worked on many contact phenomena. For this, he developed various theories, which were accompanied by algorithms and computer programs. Most notably, these are the FASTSIM algorithm for quickly evaluating the nonlinear creep-force law in vehicle dynamic simulations, the CONTACT program for the exact theory of rolling contact in 3D elastic halfspaces, and the USETAB program that uses a large table calculated with CONTACT, in order to improve over the FASTSIM algorithm in speed, accuracy and versatility as well.     

重卡变速器齿轮螺旋角修形设计与试验

针对重卡变速器齿轮接触普遍出现的偏载现象,文章提出了一种变速箱齿轮螺旋角修形方法,通过调整齿轮螺旋角修形斜度以及改变螺旋角大小,改善齿轮接触偏载现象。以重卡 12 挡变速箱为研究对象,利用有限元仿真对齿轮副进行了数值模拟,并开展了接触斑试验、噪声试验和疲劳试验。结果表明,改进后的齿面接触应力分布均匀,接触斑居中,噪声无明显变化且仍满足疲劳试验要求,说明变速箱齿轮副的接触状况得到有效改善,验证了所提修形方法的可行性。该研究为重卡变速器偏载齿轮修正提供了理论依据与试验参考。     

国产继电器与引进信号系统的配合设计

通过比较阐述了国内AX安全型继电器在地铁引进信号系统的应用中发现的技术问题以及处理方法.