The structure of dissipation in the western Irish Sea front

We report on an intensive campaign in the summer of 2006 to observe turbulent energy dissipation in the vicinity of a tidal mixing front which separates well mixed and seasonally stratified regimes in the western Irish Sea. The rate of turbulent dissipation ε was observed on a section across the front by a combination of vertical profiles with the FLY dissipation profiler and horizontal profiles by shear sensors mounted on an AUV (Autosub). Mean flow conditions and stratification were obtained from a bed mounted ADCP and a vertical chain of thermistors on a mooring. During an Autosub mission of 60 h, the vehicle, moving at a speed of ~ 1.2 m s^− 1, completed 10 useable frontal crossings between end points which were allowed to move with the mean flow. The results were combined with parallel measurements of the vertical profile of ε which were made using FLY for periods of up to 13 h at positions along the Autosub track. The two data sets, which show a satisfactory degree of consistency, were combined to elucidate the space–time variation of dissipation in the frontal zone. Using harmonic analysis, the spatial structure of dissipation was separated from the strong time dependent signal at the M₄ tidal frequency to yield a picture of the cross-frontal distribution of energy dissipation. A complementary picture of the frontal velocity field was obtained from a moored ADCP and estimates of the mean velocity derived from the thermal wind using the observed density distribution. which indicated the presence of a strong (0.2 m s^− 1) jet-like flow in the high gradient region of the front. Under neap tidal conditions, mean dissipation varied across the section by 3 orders of magnitude exceeding 10^− 2 W m^− 3 near the seabed in the mixed regime and decreasing to 10^− 5 W m^− 3. in the strongly stratified interior regime. The spatial pattern of dissipation is consistent in general form with the predictions of models of tidal mixing and does not reflect any strong influence by the frontal jet.     

Collection, spillback, and dissipation in pedestrian evacuation: A network-based method

We present a method of predicting pedestrian route choice behavior and physical congestion during the evacuation of indoor areas with internal obstacles. Under the proposed method, a network is first constructed by discretizing the space into regular hexagonal cells and giving these cells potentials before a modified cell transmission model is employed to predict the evolution of pedestrian flow in the network over time and space. Several properties of this cell transmission model are explored. The method can be used to predict the evolution of pedestrian flow over time and space in indoor areas with internal obstacles and to investigate the collection, spillback, and dissipation behavior of pedestrians passing through a bottleneck. The cell transmission model is further extended to imitate the movements of multiple flows of pedestrians with different destinations. An algorithm based on generalized cell potential is also developed to assign the pedestrian flow.     

孔隙水压力观测在强夯法地基处理中的应用

文章通过对A码头地基处理工程强夯过程中超静孔隙水压力随夯击次数、深度、距离的变化规律及在各土层中的增长与消散规律的研究,确定强夯次数、夯点布置、加固影响深度等强夯参数,计算地基固结情况,确定两遍强夯的间隔时间,分析孔隙水压力观测在地基处理工程中的应用。     

盾构隧道同步注浆浆液压力扩散模式研究

基于典型的四孔注浆,将盾构隧道同步注浆中的浆液看作惰性浆液,以单位时间内形成的盾尾空隙为浆液充填的横断面,以横断面内浆液压力的扩散过程为研究对象,借助于牛顿流体模型,运用流体力学与极限平衡法的基本原理,推导出盾尾空隙横断面内浆液压力的分布模型。通过工程实例分析表明:采用推导的浆液压力分布模型得到的计算结果与实测值吻合良好;在浆液刚注入盾尾空隙时,浆液重度对浆液压力初值分布具有决定性作用;后期浆液黏度(时间)的增长将导致浆液压力急剧降低;四孔注浆宜用于半径约为3 m的地铁盾构隧道;浆液压力随着盾尾空隙厚度的增大先呈抛物线形式增大,后逐步趋于稳定。     

声学建模和阻尼损失系数对舱室噪声影响的研究

文章基于统计能量法(SEA)开展了声学覆盖层敷设位置对舱室噪声的影响研究,探讨了不同损耗因子对舱室噪声的影响,计算对比表明阻尼损失系数发生改变时,声学覆盖层的抑振降噪效果亦将发生改变。     

Spectral signature of wave breaking in surface wave components of intermediate-length scale

This paper investigates the length scale of ocean surface breaking waves in the spectral range of intermediate wavelength components a few centimeters to a few meters long. The spectral properties of wave breaking are examined first with the dissipation function of the wave action density conservation equation. The analysis reveals a strong breaking signature in wave components between 0.15 and 1.5 m long in the form of a quasi-singular behavior of the dissipation function using the present formulation of the wind-generation and breaking dissipation functions. Independent studies of more-direct breaking observations of radar tracking of sea spikes in the past have shown close correlation between sea spikes and scatterers traveling at the speed of surface waves a few meters long and much shorter than the dominant wavelength. This feature of sea-spike properties is consistent with the breaking signature of the dissipation function in similar wavelengths. The intermediate-scale waves are the primary contributor of the ocean surface mean-square slope. The close correlation between the gas transfer rate and the mean-square slope has been demonstrated repeatedly. A better understanding of the wave dynamics of intermediate-scale waves is important for clarification of various gas transfer mechanisms.     

基于蠕变试验分析沥青路面车辙的能量方法

利用MTS810型液压伺服试验系统和旋转压实仪GC(Gyratory Compactor)进行沥青混合料的五级单轴压缩蠕变试验,研究了重荷载下沥青混合料的高温稳定性。从能量的角度分析了沥青混合料的永久变形机理,并找出了耗散能与永久变形的关系,通过多元回归得到了重载交通下沥青路面的车辙预估模型。     

闭式液压系统内部油温的测算

根据影响闭式液压系统内部油温的各种因素，从理论上提出了确定闭式液压系统内部油温的计算方法，并给出了降低闭式液压系统内部油温的有效途径。     

盾构隧道同步注浆浆液压力消散规律研究

基于达西定律、力学平衡原理和广义虎克定律,推导盾尾空隙内浆液的固结方程,以软土地区典型的盾构隧道同步注浆参数为例,分析浆液压力消散规律。结果表明:浆饼(浆液固结层)厚度与土体剪切模量、泊松比成反比,与注浆压力成正比,与浆液固结前后孔隙比的变化密切相关;不计地层渗流阻力影响时,浆液压力的消散与浆饼厚度的形成主要集中在浆液注入盾尾空隙后的2.1h以内;地层渗流阻力可以延缓浆液的固结过程,但不能影响其最终固结状态;土体剪切模量的增大有利于促进浆液压力的快速消散;孔隙水压力的增大能明显抑制浆液压力的消散;注浆压力的增大对初始时刻浆液压力的消散具有明显的促进作用,但却会相应延长压力消散的时间。     

Estimation of TKE dissipation rates in dense bottom plumes using a Pulse Coherent Acoustic Doppler Profiler (PC-ADP) — Structure function approach

During a hydrographic survey in January 2006 the spreading of inflowing saline water was observed in the Arkona Basin (Western Baltic Sea). Two bottom mounted ‘pulse coherent’ acoustic Doppler profilers (PC-ADP) were used to measure the near-bottom current field of the dense plume with a high temporal (1 s) and spatial resolution (5 cm). In order to estimate the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy () a structure function approach was applied to the beam velocity data. Simultaneous measurements with a microstructure shear profiler (MSS) and an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) supplied independent data for the verification of the structure function method. Additional measurements with standard CTD, near-bottom towed and vessel mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) completed the data set.The estimated dissipation rates from the structure function approach fit well with the values derived from the ADV and the MSS probe. It is shown that the structure function approach is a reliable and easily applicable method to derive estimates of TKE dissipation rates from PC-ADP beam velocities. The observed dissipation rates ranged between 5 · 10^− 6 and 1 · 10^− 8 W kg^− 1 depending on the hydrographic conditions. Inside the plume the dissipation rates exceeded that of the overlaying brackish water by two orders of magnitude. Since the noise level of velocity data in pulse coherent mode is considerably lower than in the Doppler mode the PC-ADP can also be used for estimates in marine environments with low turbulence level. Reynolds stresses estimated from the PC-ADP and the ADV agreed well at the same depth level. TKE production derived from PC-ADP measurements compared reasonably well with the dissipation rate of TKE in a varying environment.