Airline delays,congestion internalization and non-price spillover effects of low cost carrier entry

This paper develops an econometric model of flight delays to investigate the influence of competition and dominance on the incentives of carriers to maintain on-time performance. We consider both the route and the airport levels to inspect the local and global effects of competition, with a unifying framework to test the hypotheses of 1. airport congestion internalization and 2. the market competition-quality relationship in a single econometric model. In particular, we examine the impacts of the entry of low cost carriers (LCC) on the flight delays of incumbent full service carriers in the Brazilian airline industry. The main results indicate a highly significant effect of airport congestion self-internalization in parallel with route-level quality competition. Additionally, the potential competition caused by LCC presence provokes a global effect that suggests the existence of non-price spillovers of the LCC entry to non-entered routes.     

3,6-[二甲氨基]-二苯骈碘杂六环葡萄糖酸盐对豚鼠心肌电生理特性的影响

目的　研究 3 ,6 [二甲氨基 ] 二苯骈碘杂六环葡萄糖酸盐对豚鼠乳头肌动作电位的影响。方法　采用玻璃微电极细胞内记录技术。结果　IHC - 93低浓度 (≤ 3 0 μmol/L)时对快反应动作电位的动作电位幅度 (APA)、0相最大除极速率 (Vmax)无影响 ,但可缩短动作电位时程(APD) ;高浓度 (90 μmol/L)时使快反应动作电位的APA、Vmax降低 ,APD进一步缩短。三相时程APD50 - 90 (APD50 - 90 =APD90 -APD50 )在用药前后变化不大。IHC 93对异丙肾上腺素诱发的豚鼠左心房早期后除极有明显抑制作用 ,可完全或部分消除哇巴因诱发的延迟后除极和触发激动。结论　IHC 93为一钙通道阻滞剂 ,具有IV类抗心律失常药物的特性。     

Valuing casualty risk reductions from estimated baseline risk

Stated choice studies have been applied regularly to the valuation of time savings and other attributes of travelling as perceived by individuals. In such experiments, respondents often provide reference levels for the attributes and the hypothetical choices presented to them are pivoted around actual behaviour. However, most individuals are not able to provide reference levels for the number of casualties on the road they travel. Thus, if valuation of this important element is attempted, it is the researcher who must provide casualty risk reference levels to the respondents. Some studies have applied route choice experiments including a safety attribute but the majority has been limited to only one particular road section with a common baseline risk for all respondents.     

Analyzing aviation safety: Problems,challenges, opportunities

This paper reviews the economic literature relating to aviation safety; analyzes the safety record of commercial passenger aviation in the United States and abroad; examines aviation security as a growing dimension of aviation safety; and identifies emerging issues in airline safety and challenges for aviation safety research. Commercial airline safety has improved dramatically since the industry's birth over a century ago. Fatal accident rates for large scheduled jet airlines have fallen to the level where (along many dimensions) aviation is now the safest mode of commercial transportation. However, safety performance has not been evenly distributed across all segments of commercial aviation, nor among all countries and regions of the world. The finding that developing countries have much poorer safety records has been a persistent conclusion in aviation safety research and continues to be the case. Unfortunately, operations data are not available for many of the airlines that experience fatal accidents, so it is not possible to calculate reliable fatality rates for many segments of the worldwide aviation industry. Without more complete information, it will likely be difficult to make substantial improvements in the safety of these operations. Challenges to improving aviation security include: how much to focus on identifying the terrorists as opposed to identifying the tools they might use; determining how to respond to terrorist threats; and determining the public versus private roles in providing aviation security. The next generation of safety challenges now require development and understanding of new forms of data to improve safety in other segments of commercial aviation, and moving from a reactive, incident-based approach toward a more proactive, predictive and systems-based approach.     

国际干散货运输期租合同下的若干典型问题

通过分析国际干散货运输期租合同履行中一些典型问题，根据最新理论研究及判例发展，针对定期租船合同项下4个典型问题——撤船、航速与油耗索赔、船舶污底、货量短装进行分析并提出处理建议。