酸性环境干湿循环条件下膨胀土的膨胀特性及微观作用分析

弄清酸雨及干湿循环共同作用下膨胀土的膨胀性能及其微结构与矿物成分的变化，对研究酸雨区膨胀土的基本性质劣化及工程问题意义重大。为此，以广西酸雨重灾区百色原状膨胀土为对象，模拟酸雨（pH=3，5，7）与干湿循环（n=1，2，3，4）两者共同作用的环境，开展了无、有荷膨胀率试验，并采用扫描电镜（SEM）、压汞仪（MIP）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）分析了该环境下试样的微结构及矿物成分的演变规律。研究结果表明：酸性环境使试样的膨胀率增大，溶液的pH值越小，膨胀率越大；随干湿循环作用次数的增加，不同溶液环境下试样的膨胀率均先增大后趋于稳定，且2次作用后的增幅最大；经酸性环境与干湿循环共同作用试样的膨胀率增大更多，溶液pH值为3和5，经2次干湿循环后其膨胀率比pH值为7的分别增长了24.7%和7.9%；上覆压力能明显抑制试样膨胀率的增长，设定测试压力越大，该值下降越显著。酸性环境与干湿循环共同作用下膨胀率增大的机理可通过微观结构分析作出解释：酸性环境作用下膨胀土中游离SiO₂，Al₂O₃，K₂O，MgO，CaO等胶结物出现不同程度的溶蚀和淋滤，削弱了叠聚体结构间的联结作用，使面面叠聚结构的排列趋于分散，微孔隙体积及数目不断增大，同时遭受干湿循环作用后，土中微孔隙加速发育，土颗粒与溶液水间化学反应更剧烈，致使其膨胀变形进一步增大。因此，酸雨重灾区的膨胀土工程建设，必须考虑酸性环境与干湿循环共同作用造成的膨胀土基本性质劣化的不利影响。     

基于孔隙结构的土体未冻水含量滞回效应研究

冻结特征曲线（SFCC）是描述负温与土体内部未冻水含量之间的关系曲线，是非饱和冻土研究的重要基础。冻融循环是冻土研究的关键因素。以粉土和黏土为试验对象，采用低场核磁共振（NMR）技术，测得了土体在冻融循环作用下的冻结特征曲线和孔隙结构分布图，研究土体在冻融循环作用下冻结特征曲线的变化。试验结果表明：随着循环次数的增加，土体孔隙分布发生了变化，进而导致冻结特征曲线滞回圈和特征温度点的变化，冻结特征曲线变化的本质是孔隙结构的变化；从微观结构出发得到了基于孔隙结构的SFCC表达式，指出融化过程的冻结特征曲线是主冻结特征曲线；结合试验数据的对比分析，模型有效展示了多次冻融循环下土体冻结特征曲线的滞回效应，适用于多次循环下的非饱和冻土。     

A generalized model of pelagic biogeochemistry for the global ocean ecosystem. Part II: Numerical simulations

This paper presents a global ocean implementation of a multi-component model of marine pelagic biogeochemistry coupled on-line with an ocean general circulation model forced with climatological surface fields (PELAgic biogeochemistry for Global Ocean Simulations, PELAGOS). The final objective is the inclusion of this model as a component in an Earth System model for climate studies. The pelagic model is based on a functional stoichiometric representation of marine biogeochemical cycles and allows simulating the dynamics of C, N, P, Si, O and Fe taking into account the variation of their elemental ratios in the functional groups. The model also includes a parameterization of variable chlorophyll/carbon ratio in phytoplankton, carrying chl as a prognostic variable. The first part of the paper analyzes the contribution of non-local advective–diffusive terms and local vertical processes to the simulated chl distributions. The comparison of the three experiments shows that the mean chl distribution at higher latitudes is largely determined by mixing processes, while vertical advection controls the distribution in the equatorial upwelling regions. Horizontal advective and diffusive processes are necessary mechanisms for the shape of chl distribution in the sub-tropical Pacific. In the second part, the results have been compared with existing datasets of satellite-derived chlorophyll, surface nutrients, estimates of phytoplankton community composition and primary production data. The agreement is reasonable both in terms of the spatial distribution of annual means and of the seasonal variability in different dynamical oceanographic regions. Results indicate that some of the model biases in chl and surface nutrients distributions can be related to deficiencies in the simulation of physical processes such as advection and mixing. Other discrepancies are attributed to inadequate parameterizations of phytoplankton functional groups. The model has skill in reproducing the overall distribution of large and small phytoplankton but tends to underestimate diatoms in the northern higher latitudes and overestimate nanophytoplankton with respect to picoautotrophs in oligotrophic regions. The performance of the model is discussed in the context of its use in climate studies and an approach for improving the parameterization of functional groups in deterministic models is outlined.     

Simulated responses of the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia to variations in climate and anthropogenic nutrient loading

A mathematical model was used to simulate monthly responses of the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia to variations in climate and anthropogenic nutrient loading over a 45-year period. We examined six hypothetical future scenarios that are based on observed and projected changes in the Mississippi River discharge, Mississippi River nitrate concentrations, and ambient water temperatures. In particular, we investigated the implications of a 30% decrease in the Mississippi River nitrogen flux, which was recently proposed by the Mississippi River Watershed/Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Task Force as a measure to reduce the size of the hypoxic zone. Model simulations suggest that the frequency of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico is highly sensitive to variations in riverine nitrate flux, but also to variations in freshwater discharge and ambient water temperatures. A 30% decrease in the Mississippi River nitrate flux, for example, would reduce the frequency of hypoxia by 37%. Nevertheless, a 20% increase the Mississippi River discharge, which may occur under some climate change scenarios, would produce an increase in the frequency of hypoxia of the same magnitude. Thus, if the potential climatic variations are taken into account, a 30% decrease in the nitrogen flux of the Mississippi River may not be sufficient to accomplish the proposed hypoxia management goal.     

The shoaling of nutrient-enriched subsurface waters as a mechanism to sustain primary productivity off Central Baja California during El Niño winters

Using CalCOFI data for coastal shallow stations (above 100 m depth), higher than expected nitrate concentrations were detected in near-surface high-temperature waters off of Central Baja California during some El Niño winters. Though recent data are not available for Central Baja California, past El Niño data, though limited, showed nitrate concentrations above 16 μM at temperatures above 16 °C, and nitrate concentrations between 1 and 2 μM at 19 °C, while the previously established relationship of temperature and nitrate for California Current waters predicts nitrate depletion above 14 or 15 °C. The anomalous, high temperature–high nitrate enrichment events documented in Central Baja California were detected as shallow as 9 m and as deep as 73 m, were associated with low-oxygen (between 2 and 4 ml/l) and high-salinity (between 33.8 and 34.3 psu) waters, and occurred during the winter months of an El Niño year. Using recent data for San Diego, CA, similar but weaker enrichment events were detected for the El Niño winter of 1997–1998. The periodic shoaling of a subsurface subtropical water mass of high temperature, high salinity, low oxygen and high nutrients during some El Niño winters is proposed to cause periodic enrichment and to maintain productivity during warming events in this area. Enrichment events were not detected off Ensenada, in Northern Baja California, possibly due to the amplification of the onshore flow during El Niño there, or due to the Ensenada front. The proposed mechanism of periodic enrichment of nutrient-depleted surface waters during some El Niño winters by subsurface waters from the California Undercurrent may explain the following: (1) survival of giant kelp forests at their southern limit in Central Baja California documented during past El Niño events in warm waters, (2) the rapid recovery and high carrying capacity of giant kelp documented after the mass disappearance during El Niño 1997–1998, and (3) the increase in the extent of mesotrophic chlorophyll detected in the area during the 1997–1998 and 1982–1983 El Niño events.     

库水位循环作用下架空斜坡式码头力学性能研究

依托云南省富宁港一期工程,建立架空斜坡式码头三维有限元模型。基于水岩相互作用,考虑岸坡岩土体在库水位循环作用下的劣化损伤,定性分析得到架空斜坡式码头桩基及轨道梁的弯矩、剪力及轴力变化特点,为进一步研究库水位循环作用下架空斜坡式码头整体性能及力学退化特性提供基础,为实际工程中库区码头运营后的监测及防护提供建议。     

碾压膨胀土波速变化规律及声波技术应用探讨

针对百色地区膨胀土,利用TH204非金属超声波测试系统,对以最佳含水率和塑限含水率为控制含水率下的碾压膨胀土进行声波测试,得到了等幅度干湿循环作用后的纵波速度的变化规律。试验研究结果表明,随着循环次数的增加,不同控制含水率下碾压膨胀土试件的平均纵波速度呈非线性衰减,其0～1次循环,衰减程度最大。循环幅度对膨胀土的波速衰减有较大的影响,循环幅度越大,纵波速度衰减越大。结合声波技术在岩体材料中的应用,探讨了声波技术在路基膨胀土中的应用问题。     

Comparative evaluation of resource cycle strategies on operating and environmental impact in container terminals

This paper examines the use of single and dual cycle operations for three types of resources, namely, quay cranes, vehicles, and yard cranes to improve the operating efficiency and reduce the energy consumption in a container terminal. Various cycle strategies are proposed and their corresponding estimation models, describing the stowage distributions of outbound and inbound containers on a ship and the storage sharing level of blocks in the yard, are formulated to estimate the total number of cycles for the resources. Statistical analyses are conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of different cycle strategies on the cycle reductions. From the experiment results, it was found that collaboration between resources with the single cycle operation always outperforms that under the dual cycle operation without collaboration.     

Stress-Strain Relationship and Failure Criterion for Concrete after Freezing and Thawing Cycles

Introduction Underfreezingandthawing,macromechanical performanceofconcreteisgraduallydeterioratedby theinitiation,expansionandconnectionoftheinner cracks.Thisisaprogressiveprocessanddiffersfrom thedamageprocesscausedbyloads.Concretestruc turesincoldareas,…     

混凝土抗除冰盐的剥落性能与机理研究

进行了混凝土在3.5%盐溶液中快速冻融的实验研究，结果表明盐溶液对混凝土抗冻性的影响具有双重性，盐溶液使混凝土试件表面饱和程度提高，从而导致其严重剥落，重量损失大幅度增加，溶液降低冰点的作用使混凝土内部破坏程度较小，相对动弹性模量下降略为缓慢，混凝土的耐久性系数应该考虑相对动弹性模量和重量损失两个指标。