海岸泥沙运动研究综述和展望

总结了推移质泥沙研究的现状 ,分析了海岸泥沙研究的动向 ,并展望了海岸泥沙研究的前景。     

Effect of seaweed proliferation on benthic habitat quality assessed by Sediment Profile Imaging

Changes in sediment quality, with special reference to benthic habitat conditions resulting from macroalgae overgrowth, were studied in the Venice Lagoon, Italy. Data were collected biweekly in spring and summer from 1993 to 1998 and from 2001 to 2002, as part of the macroalgae growth control strategies managed by the Venice Water Authority-Consorzio Venezia Nuova. Benthic habitat conditions were studied by means of Sediment Profile Imaging, which allowed the collection of several variables: aRPD (apparent redox potential discontinuity), prism penetration depth, presence of anoxia on the surface of the sediment, presence of reduced gas bubbles, stage of benthic colonization. All these variables led to the calculation of an environmental index (Organism–Sediment Index, OSI), which was then related to physical variables and macroalgae abundance. Until 1996, the overall benthic habitat of the Venice Lagoon showed almost stressed conditions; from 1997, the seaweed biomass rapidly declined and the OSI increased significantly. The OSI seemed to be affected by seaweed biomass, sediment compactness and water depth. Macroalgae biomass greater than 4.5 kg/m² led to the complete disappearance of stage III of benthic colonization; values as low as 0.70 kg m² already had a severe impact on recolonization. SPI attributes indicated the main mechanisms that could have contributed to the benthic quality: seaweed proliferation is often followed by rapid decay of macroalgae biomass, especially when present in large amounts. The decrease in seaweed biomass often results in oxygen depletion in the water column and thus in the sediment, preventing complete benthic colonization. This research confirms the importance of in situ rapid reconnaissance surveys to assess the impact of eutrophication on the benthic habitat.     

Organic carbon budget for the Gulf of Bothnia

We calculated input of organic carbon to the unproductive, brackish water basin of the Gulf of Bothnia from rivers, point sources and the atmosphere. We also calculated the net exchange of organic carbon between the Gulf of Bothnia and the adjacent marine system, the Baltic Proper. We compared the input with sinks for organic carbon; permanent incorporation in sediments and mineralization and subsequent evasion of CO₂ to the atmosphere. The major fluxes were riverine input (1500 Gg C year^− 1), exchange with the Baltic Proper (depending on which of several possible DOC concentration differences between the basins that was used in the calculation, the flux varied between an outflow of 466 and an input of 950 Gg C year^− 1), sediment burial (1100 Gg C year^− 1) and evasion to the atmosphere (3610 Gg C year^− 1). The largest single net flux was the emission of CO₂ to the atmosphere, mainly caused by bacterial mineralization of organic carbon. Input and output did not match in our budget which we ascribe uncertainties in the calculation of the exchange of organic carbon between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic Proper, and the fact that CO₂ emission, which in our calculation represented 1 year (2002) may have been overestimated in comparison with long-term means. We conclude that net heterotrophy of the Gulf of Bothnia was due to input of organic carbon from both the catchment and from the Baltic Proper and that the future degree of net heterotrophy will be sensible to both catchment export of organic carbon and to the ongoing eutrophication of the Baltic Proper.     

Ground truthing sediment profile imagery with traditional benthic survey data along an established disturbance gradient

Macrobenthic surveys are an expensive, slow and labour intensive means to establish the health of benthic communities. Sediment profile imagery (SPI) is a means of rapid reconnaissance for monitoring large areas of the benthos. SPI has often been used to monitor gross anthropogenic disturbance. The aim of this study is to determine if SPI can be used as a tool to reliably map change in communities along natural estuarine gradients. Macrobenthic sampling was carried out at five stations along an established estuarine gradient. This faunal data was analysed using standard multivariate techniques and to ground truth a concurrent SPI survey. Faunal analysis showed that habitat quality in Inner Galway Bay was generally good, with some localised disturbance from the River Corrib and the sewage out flow exterior to the city dock. Four distinct groups were identified with a degree of overlap occurring between stations 3 and 4. While existing SPI indices mapped habitat quality in the same manner as the faunal data for end member stations, the level of distinction between the habitats of an intermediate staging was found to be poor. This lack of distinction amongst the stage 2 and 3 stations was overcome by developing a tailored index, the Galway Bay index of habitat quality (GBHQ). This index was derived from the 5 observed variables in the SPI data that were determined to best match the faunal distribution by permutative mantel testing. The 5 observed variables from the SPI data were the depth of the apparent redox potential discontinuity (aRPD), the depth of penetration by the prism, and the presence/absence of infauna, surface faecal pellet layer and biogenic mounding. The GBHQ was able to distinguish between the 5 stations to a greater extent than previously described indices, showing clearly the separate groupings defined by the faunal data. The index was tested on a follow up SPI survey and shown to be applicable in mapping a broader range of habitats in Galway Bay. Indices generated for localised mapping of estuarine gradients should be derived from observed features and be ground truthed using faunal data. Some aspects of the GBHQ should be generally applicable to fine grained boreal estuarine sediments (aRPD/penetration), while others may be of limited utility in other locations depending on the digging characteristics of the particular SPI camera, and local factors influencing the persistence of biogenic features in the profile. This derivation technique provides a simple way to optimise SPI to particular studies and localities.     

日本铁道车辆转向架的研究与发展历程

从转向架与车辆运动关系等基础理论包括车辆运动与转向架、悬挂系统、有源和半有源控制、驱动装置等的研究方面,简要介绍了日本铁道车辆转向架的发展历程。     

Dynamic stride length adaptation according to utility and personal space

Pedestrians adjust both speed and stride length when they navigate difficult situations such as tight corners or dense crowds. They try to avoid collisions and to preserve their personal space. State-of-the-art pedestrian motion models automatically reduce speed in dense crowds simply because there is no space where the pedestrians could go. The stride length and its correct adaptation, however, are rarely considered. This leads to artefacts that impact macroscopic observation parameters such as densities in front of bottlenecks and, through this, flow. Hence modelling stride adaptation is important to increase the predictive power of pedestrian models. To achieve this we reformulate the problem as an optimisation problem on a disk around the pedestrian. Each pedestrian seeks the position that is most attractive in a sense of balanced goals between the search for targets, the need for individual space and the need to keep a distance from obstacles. The need for space is modelled according to findings from psychology defining zones around a person that, when invaded, cause unease. The result is a fully automatic adjustment that allows calibration through meaningful social parameters and that gives visually natural results with an excellent fit to measured experimental data.     

行人微观仿真中的运动模型与行为模型——STEPS与NOMAD模型对比

为了解各类行人仿真模型的性能差异和适用范围,以选取适当模型进行交通枢纽行人仿真,对两种典型行人仿真模型进行研究。依据模型对行人行为描述的复杂程度,将行人仿真模型分为运动模型、部分行为模型、行为模型3类,并分别介绍了各自的特点。选取典型的运动模型软件STEPS和行为模型软件NOMAD,详细探讨其采用的数学模型,并通过4个仿真实例对比分析这两种模型的特点。分析结果得出两种模型在宏观与微观层面的异同点以及存在的问题。     

软刚臂单点系泊装置监测预报系统的设计及实现

为进一步保障浮式生产储油装置(FPSO)的作业安全,通过海洋环境条件测量、FPSO运动和单点系泊系统(SPM)状态监测以及理论计算等手段,实现了软刚臂单点系泊监测预报系统的方案设计,并成功应用于渤海油田。经现场应用验证,该系统能够实现对FPSO及SPM运行情况的监测,为作业者提供FPSO操作指导及预警,有效的降低了作业风险。     

庄河石城岛海域的泥沙运动对港口平面布置的影响

分析了庄河石城岛海域的泥沙运动规律,计算了波浪破碎水深、泥沙起动水深和底沙起动流速,论证庄河石城岛天然深槽的动力成因。确定了港区规划平面布局的基本原则,分析防沙堤布置、规划填海界限等关键参数;通过经验公式、泥沙数模和类似港址类比等方法综合论证港区回淤量级。     

基于惯导解算与数字滤波的舰船振荡运动的分离研究

舰船在风浪激励或（和）其它因素的作用下产生六自由度的随机摇荡运动,而摇荡运动将降低舰载武器的打击精度。针对该问题,论文在捷联惯导（SINS）导航解算的基础上,提出了数字滤波的舰船振荡运动分离方法,以实时分离舰船振荡运动,并实时修正舰载武器的运动轨迹,提高其打击精度。由于惯性导航系统为避免加速度对平台跟踪地垂线的干扰而自然形成舒勒振荡,此振荡必然会引入舰船运动的导航解算结果中,因此为提取出瞬时运动,引入数字高通滤波器消除舒勒振荡。论文给出了瞬时运动定义及滤波器的实现方法,仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。