Using longitudinal methods for analysis of a short-term transportation demonstration project

This paper documents an application of panel, or longitudinal data collection in the evaluation of a TSM (Transportation Systems Management) demonstration project. The project was a four-week demonstration of staggered work hours in downtown Honolulu during February–March 1988. The 4 wave panel survey elicited commuting experiences of approximately 2,000 downtown employees at two week intervals before and during the project. The sample involved both employees who participated in the project by shifting their work hours, and those who did not. The panel survey was augmented by floating-car observations of travel times on major routes into downtown Honolulu on the same four dates.The purpose of the analysis was to determine whether employee commute times were affected, and if so, how these changes were distributed among various employee segments. Two methods were used. First, travel time changes were estimated using paired t-tests. Second, regression equations were used to estimate project time savings as a function of trip length, route, and location of residence. Results show that travel time savings due to the project were typically small, less than ten percent. Nonparticipants experienced greater savings than participants, and some segments of participants experienced longer travel times during the project. The panel method proved to be an effective way to measure project travel time impacts and shows that the method is appropriate in short time applications.Presented at the Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, January 7–11. 1990, Washington, D.C.     

Bottleneck congestion and distribution of work start times: The economics of staggered work hours revisited

Since the seminal work of Henderson (Henderson, J.V., 1981. The economics of staggered work hours. Journal of Urban Economics 9 (3), 349–364), a number of studies have examined the effect of staggered work hours by analyzing models of work start time choice that consider the trade-off between negative congestion externalities and positive production externalities. However, these studies employed flow congestion models to describe traffic congestion. This study develops a model of work start time choice with bottleneck congestion and discloses the intrinsic properties of the model. To this end, this study extends Henderson’s model to incorporate bottleneck congestion. By utilizing the properties of a potential game, we characterize equilibrium and optimal distributions of work start times. We also show that Pigouvian tax/subsidy policies generally yield multiple equilibria and that the first-best optimum must be a stable equilibrium under Pigouvian policies, whereas the second-best optimum in which policymakers cannot eliminate queuing congestion can be unstable.     

少学时“机械零部件识图”课程的线上线下融合教学模式探讨

"机械零部件识图"是汽车类专业的一门必修专业基础课,本文基于现有"机械零部件识图"在线开放课程资源,探讨线上与线下交互融合教学模式在少学时"机械零部件识图"课程中的应用。     

上海轨道文通3号线车站站台黄色禁停区的实践

黄色禁停区是上海轨道交通推出的又一文明乘行理念.上海轨道交通3号线车站楼扶梯对应的狭窄区域在高峰时段非常拥挤,存在较大安全隐患.从规范乘客候车行为、减少运营风险的角度,论述了黄色禁停区的设计理念和具体设计方案,并进行了乘客认知度调查.调查表明,近80%的调查者认为黄色禁停区有实施的必要.黄色禁停区作为一个新理念,要成为...     

A case study related to the improvement of working and rest hours of oil tanker deck officers

Navigation safety on coastal waters is an extremely important issue. Fatigue is an important factor threatening navigation safety. Considering that the vessel type is an oil tanker, such a threat is not posed only to the crew but also to the environment. Most of the tankers navigating coastal waters are in the small tanker category. Therefore, this study examined the working and resting hours of the deck officers in the oil tankers navigating coastal waters. The study utilized the ISF Watchkeeper 3 program for assessing and interpreting the working periods. The study reached the conclusion that the first and second officers in particular are working under unsuitable conditions. To improve the working conditions of the deck officers, effects of additional cargo officer on board was investigated. This study is in quality of recommendation. The study elucidated that the cargo officer practice determines the working and resting hours of deck officers, in the work on the oil tankers, and compliance with the related conventions.     

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以瓶颈模型在高峰期轨道交通客流平衡中应用不足为切入点,针对具有潮汐客流特征的轨道线路,给出能够反映不同站点出行特征的弹性瓶颈概念,并以此为基准,提出弹性“瓶颈”平衡模型。首先,扩充了拥挤风险费用的定义,建立了更加符合实际的高峰期不同轨道交通站点不同时段的出行费用模型;其次,建立轨道交通高峰时段计算方程,分析不同站点的高峰时段特征;再次,结合轨道交通站点的弹性特征,构建了高峰期轨道交通客流的弹性瓶颈平衡计算模型;最后,通过模型计算求解,对比分析模型分析结果与土地价值的空间递减性之间的相似度,以验证弹性“瓶颈”模型的合理性.     

长大货物列车空气管系3维充气模型的数值仿真

应用计算流体动力学中的有限体积法,建立长大货物列车空气管系的3维充气特性模型。该模型能同时求解主管、支管的压力和速度,不用类似1维模型引进经验公式或辅助边界条件帮助求解,避免了1维模型中人为解藕不当而出现的各种问题。利用交错网格算法和长大列车空气管系直径与长度的尺度效应,灵活设置压力和速度的自由度,选取压力和速度的控制容积来离散3维模型的控制方程。离散后的代数方程表明,3维模型的计算量与1维模型的计算量几乎相同。提出了一种改进的算子分裂算法求解压力速度耦合方程,数值试验表明,当时间步长很大时算法依然稳定和健壮。用研究开发的程序,将计算结果与国内外长大列车充气特性的有关试验结果进行了对比分析,验证所提出的理论和算法的正确性。     

高速铁路夕发朝至列车行车组织方式分析

夕发朝至列车在开行时段上具有很大的固有优势,对中高收入水平且对舒适度和安全性有较高要求的中长距离旅客来说有很大吸引力。目前,高速铁路综合维修天窗均设置在夜间,在高速铁路上开行夕发朝至列车受到综合维修天窗的严重制约。通过选择合适的行车组织方式,为夕发朝至列车在高速铁路上的开行提供条件。基于此,从综合维修天窗的设置方式、需要满足的技术条件和面临的主要问题等方面,系统分析高速铁路夕发朝至列车的3种行车组织方式(即等线、下线和不下线),并对3种方式的适用性提出建议。     

城市轨道交通客流高峰持续时间预测方法

分析了国内城市轨道交通运营管理的发展现状,总结了关于客流高峰持续时间现有的研究方法,通过对比分析,选择回归分析作为城市轨道交通客流持续时间预测模型。分析和定义了城市轨道交通客流高峰事件的概念,探讨了客流高峰事件的影响因素,阐述了回归分析模型的理论基础和求解方法。以南京地铁1号线的数据作为原始数据并进行建模,在此基础上验证研究方法的可行性。     

Risk and reward in public transportation contracting

The workshop discusses and documents a number of countries’ experiences regarding risk and reward in the delivery of public transport and determines the way in which competitive pressures actually work (or not) to deliver efficient and effective services. Papers are grouped into three main themes, i.e., public versus private management; negotiated versus competitively tendered contracts; and measures to improve performance. This chapter begins with a brief overview of each of the eight papers. This is followed by a section that out the discussions that emanated from the papers. Finally, the main policy and research recommendations are presented.