汔车运行材料在现代电控汽油轿车上的使用分析

汽车使用的燃料、润滑剂、特种液和橡胶轮胎等统称为汽车运行材料。分析汽车运行材料在现代电控汽油轿车上的使用情况，给出相应的使用原则及注意事项，可为维修人员和驾驶员等提供参考。     

关于金融法体系构建的若干思考

对于金融法体系的构建,学者们的观点不一。很多学者提出了金融法的体系,但是认识有所不同。对金融法体系的构建存在的偏差,原因在于很多学者忽视了或者说是错误理解了法学体系和法律体系的区别。我们应当分析法学体系和法律体系的区别,认识到对金融法的体系不能简单的固定,只能是随着社会的发展和时代的进步而不断地加以完善。     

海事赔偿责任限制的法律适用

由于各国关于海事赔偿责任限制的法律规定不一样,因此,在涉外海事赔偿责任限制法律关系中就需要进行法律选择,以确定所应适用的法律。国际社会关于海事赔偿责任限制的法律适用主要有适用法院地法、适用侵权行为地法、适用船旗国法、适用最密切联系原则几种立法模式,中国《海商法》关于海事赔偿责任限制的法律适用宜规定为:海事赔偿责任限制适用船旗国法,若海事赔偿责任限制与其他国家的法律有更密切联系,则适用其他国家的法律。     

沉船打捞是海事执法中的热点与难点

结合工作实际详细解读沉船打捞工作中的疑难问题,并提出合理建议。     

单向非贯通节理岩体滚刀破岩 特性离散元模拟

相较于贯通节理,岩桥的存在使非贯通节理岩体受力破坏过程更加复杂。为探明其对破岩影响,通过采 用 PFC2D建立单向非贯通节理岩体滚刀破岩离散元模型,研究岩桥长度和倾角对岩体破碎模式、法向力、裂纹数 量及比能耗等参数的影响,揭示非贯通节理岩体滚刀破岩特性。研究发现：岩体以张拉破坏为主,节理对裂 纹扩展的“导向作用”明显,裂纹扩展方向总是趋向于和其距离最近的节理;竖向应力水平随节理倾角增加呈现 先增大后减小的趋势,在 45°倾角下达到最大值,应力区形状受到节理位置影响,两者具有一致性;完整岩体法 向力均值和峰值均大于节理岩体,节理对于破岩过程具有明显的促进作用;0°、60°、90°节理倾角下的比能耗值 明显低于其他节理组合,60°倾角下呈减小趋势,在岩桥长度为 25 mm 时取得最小值;0°、90°倾角下呈先减小后 增大趋势,在岩桥长度为 15 mm 时取得最小值。     

预应力混凝土箱梁损伤后剩余承载力计算及变化规律研究

目前对在役桥梁进行技术状况评定时,往往需采用荷载试验的方法来反映桥梁结构实际损伤所产生的性能退化。然而,荷载试验方法存在费用高、耗时长等问题,进行荷载试验代价巨大,且对于存在损伤的结构具有一定的风险。因此,基于对一新建跨径30 m预制预应力混凝土箱梁进行的足尺模型试验结果,构造定义了2种不同的刚度损伤折减系数,结合规范给出的开裂构件抗弯刚度计算公式,提出基于刚度损伤折减系数计算构件实际剩余承载力的计算公式。结果表明：2种方法定义得到的抗弯刚度折减系数的变化趋势基本一致,箱梁在出现损伤后的刚度折减效应明显,从箱梁出现开裂损伤到承载能力极限状态刚度折减约40%,相邻两截面的刚度折减可近似呈线性分布;基于刚度损伤折减系数计算的剩余承载力与试验值的偏差都在5%以下;结合刚度折减系数沿箱梁纵向的分布规律,可计算得出在跨中截面出现损伤后,沿箱梁纵向各截面实际剩余承载力的分布规律。提出的基于刚度损伤折减系数计算实际剩余承载力的方法,可通过结构外观检查结果实现对带有损伤的预应力混凝土箱梁实际剩余承载力的准确计算,该方法简便可行、费用低廉,同时也可为出现损伤的在役桥梁技术状况评定及剩余承载力计算提供一定的借鉴。     

电力机车主变压器的三维漏磁场和脉冲短路电磁力的计算

文章基于边单元法,对某电力机车主变压器在脉冲短路电流条件下的三维漏磁场进行了分析,并获得脉冲短路电流条件下各绕组径向和轴向磁感应强度的分布情况;在此基础上,根据毕奥-沙瓦定律的微、积分表达式,提出了一种基于有限元的简单有效的绕组电磁力计算方法,且可以计算出各分段绕组的受力情况。     

基于UDEC仿真的滚刀最优刀间距确定方法

为了得到指定切深下合理的刀间距,提出一种基于UDEC仿真的滚刀最优刀间距确定方法。通过试验机得到岩样力学参数,利用2D离散元仿真软件UDEC,建立了无围压条件下两把滚刀顺次切削节理不发育岩石的数学模型,在此基础上设计了一组数值试验,成功地模拟出了不同切深和刀间距下滚刀破碎岩石的全过程。分析得到指定切深下仿真切削比能耗与刀间距的对应关系,最小比能耗下的刀间距即为最优刀间距。最后,利用回转式盾构刀具切削实验台,采用恒切深方式进行多组实验,记录刀具所受三向力和破碎岩样重量,得到实验最优刀间距。通过实验手段和仿真手段得到的最优刀间距基本一致,工程数据也进一步证实了这一点。因此,基于UDEC仿真的滚刀最优刀间距确定方法是可行的。     

Experimental evaluation of Heavy Duty Vehicle speed patterns in urban and port areas and estimation of their fuel consumption and exhaust emissions

Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDVs) in urban and port areas were evaluated through a dedicated investigation. The HDV fleet composition and traffic driving from highways to the maritime port of Genoa and crossing the city were analysed. Typical urban trips linking highway exits to port gates and HDV mission profiles within the port area were defined. A validation was performed through on-board instrumentation to record HDV instantaneous speeds in urban and port zones. A statistical procedure enabled the building-up of representative speed patterns. High contrasts and specific driving conditions were observed in the port area. Representative speed profiles were then used to simulate fuel consumption and emissions for HDVs, using the Passenger car and Heavy duty Emission Model (PHEM). Complementary estimations were derived from Copert and HBEFA methodologies, allowing the comparison of different calculation approaches and scales. Finally, PHEM was implemented to assess the performances of EGR or SCR systems for NO_X reduction in urban driving and at very low speeds.The method and results of the investigation are presented. Fuel consumption and pollutant emission estimation through different methodologies are discussed, as well as the necessity of characterizing very local driving conditions for appropriate assessment.     

Transport energy consumption in mountainous roads. A comparative case study for internal combustion engines and electric vehicles in Andorra

This paper analyses transport energy consumption of conventional and electric vehicles in mountainous roads. A standard round trip in Andorra has been modelled in order to characterise vehicle dynamics in hilly regions. Two conventional diesel vehicles and their electric-equivalent models have been simulated and their performances have been compared. Six scenarios have been simulated to study the effects of factors such as orography, traffic congestion and driving style. The European fuel consumption and emissions test and Artemis urban driving cycles, representative of European driving cycles, have also been included in the comparative analysis. The results show that road grade has a major impact on fuel economy, although it affects consumption in different levels depending on the technology analysed. Electric vehicles are less affected by this factor as opposed to conventional vehicles, increasing the potential energy savings in a hypothetical electrification of the car fleet. However, electric vehicle range in mountainous terrains is lower compared to that estimated by manufacturers, a fact that could adversely affect a massive adoption of electric cars in the short term.