基于标度扩展的AHP在飞机空战效能评估中的应用

阐述了标度扩展AHP法的基本原理和步骤,基于该方法对三种典型战斗机的空战效能进行评估,结果表明,采用标度扩展的AHP法进行效能评估,可以减少计算量,并能提高结果的可信度。     

Exploring airline passengers’ willingness to pay for carbon offsets

This study examines airline passengers’ willingness to pay for carbon-offsets. Using the contingent valuation method of double-bounded dichotomous choice format and a survey of over 1000 Taiwanese passengers flying to countries in Asia, Europe, North America, and Oceania to gauge their willingness-to-pay for airline carbon-offsets. The results suggest that despite the trip characteristics and personal background, air travel passengers’ knowledge and perceptions of the carbon-offset scheme also greatly influence the stated willingness to pay.     

Economic Valuation of Coastal and Marine Resources: Bohol Marine Triangle,Philippines

This article provides results on the net benefits generated from the natural resources in the Bohol Marine Triangle (BMT) in the Philippines. The BMT spans over 112,000 ha and its coastal ecosystems are rich in biodiversity and provide economic opportunities to the coastal communities. With a 10% discount rate, the accumulated total net benefits for the BMT resources over a 10-year period is US$11.54 million. Tourism and the municipal fisheries are the most important direct use values of the coastal and marine resources of the BMT accounting for 44% and 39% of the total net benefits. Annual revenues attributed to ecosystems were as follows: coral reefs, US$1.26 million; beach/intertidal area, US$1.12 million; marine waters, US$646,501; mangrove, US$239,561; and seagrass, US$105,990. The large market values indicate the dependence of the local community on the BMT coastal and marine resources. In the same way, non-market values show the important life-support functions of coastal and marine ecosystems. The net benefits reflect the magnitude of potential losses due to improper management of coastal and marine resources in the BMT. This valuation highlights the importance of the coastal services to the BMT economy and draws attention to the benefits the local stakeholders derive from BMT coastal resources. Policy measures can now take into account these values to justify a sufficient investment in coastal management efforts to sustain the flow of coastal services in the interest of current and future generations.     

工程量清单计价与定额计价的差异分析

建设工程实行工程量清单计价已开始推行。此文在介绍采用工程量清单计价的优点和意义的基础上,阐述工程量清单计价与定额计价存在的根本差异(定价方式和价格范围),并对存在的差异进行原因分析。通过分析与研究,提出缩小2种计价方式存在差异的应对措施:根据项目工期要求和对市场价格变化的预测,批复初步设计概算时应充分考虑预备费;缩短定额计价更新期,及时更新人工单价和主要材料价格;依据施工图编制工程量清单,研究开发工程量清单计价及管理系统软件,合理确定标的。     

政府投资高速公路计价依据比较研究

高速公路作为投资大，建设周期长，回报率不高的公益性基础设施项目，决定了国家投入应是建设资金的主渠道，因此科学、合理、完善的政府投资高速公路计价依据十分重要。然而我国目前计价依据主要还是建立在计划时代条件下原有的定额体系的基础上，没有形成与工程量清单相适应的计价依据体系，而且工程定额的更新速度很慢，很难反应目前高速公路工程建设市场的实际情况。通过分析发达国家投资高速公路计价依据，从中参考一些值得借鉴的内容，进而对我国政府投资高速公路计价依据改革提出了几点建议。     

清单计价模式下施工企业工程项目成本控制

实施工程量清单计价后,工程造价的费用组成发生了变化,施工项目的成本组成也发生了相应的变化,故对施工项目成本控制的方法也需要做一定程度的调整。     

Lead emission rates from gasoline engines—a legislative and in‐use emission rate study of U.K. and U.S. to 1990

Concern for reduction in air‐borne lead emission from passenger cars is focussed on both the legislative and practical steps in reducing lead in gasoline. The historical trends and projections to 1990 of present U.S. and U.K. policies are examined in terms of a baseline passenger car lead emission rate, g.km^‐1. It is likely that should the U.K. adopt a lead‐free petrol the decrease in lead emissions will only partially parallel the present U.S. experience from a start‐up date typically post 1990. The U.S. gasoline pool philosophy has permitted lead levels in gasoline to remain high; a pitfall which the U.K./EEC should avoid.     

市场经济下的工程量清单计价与定额计价的思考

我国的工程造价长期以来按照传统的定额模式进行计价，目前推行工程量清单计价模式。工程量清单计价模式实行量价分离，由企业根据自身情况按市场规律自主报价，但是，工程量清单计价模式在并不成熟的市场经济条件下还不能彻底取代传统的定额计价模式，按定额编制概（预）算的造价管理方法仍然具有不可替代的作用，尽管如此，工程量清单计价的推行乃大势所趋。     

对现代混凝土结构技术下混凝土造价计量的建议

在现代混凝土结构技术下设计的新型混凝土结构物中，含钢率远大于传统的混凝土结构物，在对这些新型混凝土结构物造价计量时，如果仍按现行的计量规则，不考虑其中钢所占体积对混凝土工程量计算带来的误差是不合适的。建议完善混凝土计量中工程量的计算规则，取消原规则中按体积计量混凝土工程量时，不扣减钢所占混凝土体积的这一规定，以更准确的计算工程项目造价，消除造价管理漏洞。     

Valuing crowding in public transport: Implications for cost-benefit analysis

This paper investigates the valuation of crowding in public transport trips and its implications in demand estimation and cost-benefit analysis. We use a choice-based stated preference survey where crowding levels are represented by means of specially designed pictures, and use these data to estimate flexible discrete choice models. We assume that the disutility associated with travelling under crowded conditions is proportional to travel time. Our results are consistent with and extend previous findings in the literature: passenger density has a significant effect on the utility of travelling by public transport; in fact, the marginal disutility of travel time in a crowded vehicle (6 standing-passengers/m²) is 2.5 times higher than in a vehicle with available seats. We also compare the effects of different policies for improving bus operations, and the effect of adding crowding valuation in cost-benefit analysis. In doing that, we endogenise the crowding level as the result of the equilibrium between demand and supplied bus capacity. Our results indicate that important benefits may be accrued from policies designed to reduce crowding, and that ignoring crowding effects significantly overestimate the bus travel demand the benefits associated with pure travel time reductions.