Fluxes of biogenic carbon in the Southern Ocean: roles of large microphagous zooplankton

The Southern Ocean is an extreme environment, where waters are permanently cold, a seasonal ice cover extends over large areas, and the solar energy available for photosynthesis is severely restricted, either by vertical mixing to considerable depths or, especially south of the Antarctic Circle, by prolonged seasonal periods of low or no irradiance. Such conditions would normally lead to low productivity and a water column dominated by recycling processes involving microbial components of pelagic communities but this does not seem to be the case in the Southern Ocean, where there is efficient export to large apex predators and deep waters. This paper investigates the role of large microphagous zooplankton (salps, krill, and some large copepods) in the partitioning of biogenic carbon among the pools of short- and long-lived organic carbon and sequestered biogenic carbon. Large microphagous zooplankton are able to ingest microbial-sized particles and thus repackage small, non-sinking particles into both metazoan biomass and large, rapidly sinking faeces. Given the wide spatio-temporal extent of microbial trophic pathways in the Southern Ocean, large zooplankton that are omnivorous or able to ingest small food particles have a competitive advantage over herbivorous zooplankton. Krill efficiently transfer carbon to a wide array of apex predators and their faecal pellets are exported to depth during occasional brief sedimentation episodes in spring time. Salps may be a significant link towards some fish (directly) and other apex predators (indirectly) and, at some locations (especially in offshore waters) and time, they may account for most of the downward flux of biogenic carbon. Large copepods are a trophic link towards fish and at least one whale species, and their grazing activity generally impedes the export of organic particles to depth. As a result, biogenic carbon is channelled mainly towards apex predators and episodically into the deep ocean. Without these original interactions, Antarctic waters might well be dominated by microbial components and recycling processes instead of active export from the generally small primary producers towards large apex predators.     

用热带假丝酵母提高酸解玉米粉的营养价值

用HCI水解玉米粉,再用(NH_4)OH调pH至6.8,将热带假丝酵母接种到该发酵基质中,于摇床中30℃,200r/min培养两天。蛋白质含量由8.4%提高到27.4%;蛋白质中赖氨酸含量由32.1g/kg提高到73.4g/kg,色氨酸含量由6.8g/kg提高到14.8g/kg。     

南极磷虾捕捞加工船及装备发展现状和趋势

基于国内外南极磷虾产业的发展现状,不论是保证捕捞产量还是提高船载加工产品质量,提升南极磷虾捕捞加工船舶及装备的现代化水平是南极磷虾产业发展的必由之路。作为南极磷虾捕捞、加工的平台,专业南极磷虾捕捞加工船船型的升级换代必然会影响到我国南极磷虾产业的发展及在国际上的竞争力,因此有必要对我国南极磷虾捕捞加工船及配备的捕捞系统、加工工艺等的发展趋势进行探讨和分析。研究挪威南极磷虾产业发展路径不难得出,南极磷虾捕捞加工船的"极地化、专业化、大型化、绿色化"是必然趋势,而这种趋势也应是我国南极磷虾捕捞加工船船型及相关系统、工艺发展的主要方向。     

“深蓝”号南极磷虾捕捞加工船的研发设计

简要介绍了国内首艘自主建造的、具有世界先进水平的“深蓝”号南极磷虾捕捞加工船的研发背景及其主要性能参数,重点阐述了“深蓝”号在满足极地区域作业要求、南极磷虾捕捞、加工、储存等功能方面具备的一些特点及设计考量,为今后南极磷虾船及极地作业船舶的设计提供了技术参考,具有一定的现实意义。     

南极磷虾捕捞加工船极限完整稳性研究

通过极限完整稳性分析方法,对比国际海事组织(IMO)《托雷莫里诺斯国际渔船安全公约》、《2008国际完整稳性规则》以及中华人民共和国渔业船舶检验局《渔业船舶法定检验规则-远洋渔船2015》对远洋渔船的稳性要求,以国内首艘南极磷虾捕捞加工船"深蓝"号为例,分析极限完整稳性临界条款,探讨远洋拖网加工渔船在极地环境下的设计工况与极限完整稳性,以对远洋拖网加工渔船和极地水域作业船舶的设计提供参考。     

Morphological and biochemical differentiation in Antarctic krill

During the February 1981 cruise FIBEX MD-25 between 30–50°E and 61–64°S, hydrography showed the presence of two gyres, confirmed by the geostrophic circulation relative to 1000 m from Levitus climatology, at the borders of these gyres concentrations of highly morphologically differentiated krill were found. Gaussian component analysis of krill samples, pooled by sectors, showed three cohorts of Euphausia superba in the western sector and one in the eastern sector. Across the sampling area, Thysanoessa macrura and E. superba occurred at separate stations. Analysis of cohorts in T. macrura separated two size groups in both the western and the eastern sectors. The use of a Differentiation Index (D.I.) [Färber-Lorda, J., 1990. Somatic length relationships and ontogenetic morphometric differentiation of Euphausia superba and Thysanoessa macrura of the southwest Indian Ocean during summer (February 1981). Deep-Sea Res. 37, 1135–1143.], based on somatic lengths, allows studying certain morphological differences within the populations sampled. Morphologically different and bigger males II (D.I. from 2.8 to 3.5) were present only in the southern transect while smaller males I (D.I. from 3.5 to 5.0) were present over the entire area. Biochemical composition of both species showed significant differences among stations for protein, lipids, and carbohydrates. A significant difference in lipid content was found between males I, and males II. For T. macrura, percentage of lipid content in mature animals was much higher than that in E. superba. The D.I. size distribution showed that when populations of E. superba were highly differentiated (corresponding to mature animals) in morphology, lipid content was high, and they were located near a gyre. Differences in morphometry can influence distribution of the species, because different developing stages have different swimming capacities. It is shown that, together with hydrography and trophic conditions, lipid content and morphometry of krill populations, are different but complementary aspects that help to understand krill ecology and distribution.     

Krill behaviour as recorded by acoustic doppler current profilers in the Gullmarsfjord

Vertical distribution of sound scattering layers were observed using bottom deployed acoustic doppler current profilers (ADCP) during early spring of 1996 and autumn of 1997 in the Gullmarsfjord on the Swedish west coast. Variations in relative backscatter were interpreted in relation to horizontal water velocities, oxygen saturation as well as differences in the light, salinity and temperature regimes. Net catches revealed that much of the backscatter below 20-m depth was associated with the presence of krill, principally Meganyctiphanes norvegica.Horizontal currents seemed to influence the migration and distribution of krill, which showed weak vertical migration patterns with low abundance during periods of strong intermediate in- and outflows, while during periods with weaker currents, a more regular diel migration occurred. Horizontal water velocities >5 cm s⁻¹ seemed to have the potential to decrease the peak in the backscatter profile. Mean vertical migration rates of krill was 1 cm s⁻¹, while maximum vertical migration rates were estimated to be 2.5–3 cm s⁻¹. The range of the vertical migration was different in 1997 due to severe oxygen deficiency in the bottom water, which prevented the krill from descending >80 m. The commencement of vertical migration correlated closely to the seasonal light conditions. The descent was immediately triggered by sunrise, while ascent occurred with a delay of about 1 h at sunset.     

低剂量米索前列醇用于足月妊娠引产的临床观察

目的　观察比较低剂量米索前列醇及蓖麻油餐用于足月妊娠引产的临床效果。方法　选择有引产指征、无引产及米索前列醇使用禁忌症的单胎、头位、胎膜完整的足月妊娠妇女 63例 ,随机分为A组 (2 0例 ,米索前列醇 2 5μg) ,B组 (2 0例 ,米索前列醇 50 μg)和C组 (2 3例 ,蓖麻油餐 )。2 4h阴道后穹窿置药一次。结果　A、B、C三组引产成功率分别为 85 0 %、80 0 %、86 95% ,用药后临产的时间分别为 (2 96± 1 46)min、(30 8± 2 31 )min、(2 0 6± 1 0 1 )min。分娩方式、新生儿体重、宫颈评分 ,三组比较差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5)。B组第一产程和总产程较C组缩短 (P <0 .0 5) ,A组产时出血量较C组少 (P <0 0 5) ;宫缩过强羊水污染的发生率A组及C组较B组低。结论　低剂量米索前列醇用于足月妊娠引产是有效的。     

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有效的乘务调度能够为公交企业带来巨大的成本节约,但是,公交乘务调度问题因受制于一系列劳动法规的约束变得十分复杂.我国公交普遍存在"中式用餐"约束,进一步加大了问题的复杂性,使西方主流调度系统在国内实施面临困难.本文基于"生成与选择"方法解决乘务调度问题,关键在于"生成"阶段处理"中式用餐"难题;利用"中式用餐"约束和乘务问题特点,设计一种基于启发式规则的换班机会筛选方法;在所选换班机会集合的基础上构造能满足"中式用餐"约束的潜在乘务班次集合.对实际公交乘务调度问题中的12组实例进行测试,表明本文方法不仅能处理"中式用餐"约束,而且能极大减少所求问题的规模,因此适用于解决大规模的带有"中式用餐"约束的乘务调度问题.