Establishment of Community Managed Fisheries’ Closures in Kenya: Early Evolution of the Tengefu Movement

Community-based management (CBM) could be an essential tool to prevent the depletion of marine resources in the Western Indian Ocean region. In Kenya, political pressure to strengthen local governance, has led to adoption of CBM as a way of reducing over-exploitation and managing the competing uses and impacts on the marine environment. Several communities in Kenya have embraced CBM and have set aside or closed previously fished areas to enhance recovery of fisheries and biodiversity. These community fisheries closures (locally called tengefu), despite being degraded, may recover to finfish abundances and biodiversity levels similar to established MPAs or above thresholds for maintaining some ecological services. Communities see their direct involvement and control of these tengefu as more likely to result in benefits flowing directly to them. Community closures are also important for articulating and resolving community values and strengthening their management capacity. Here, we describe the evolution of the tengefu movement in Kenya and combine information from focus group discussions, interviews, underwater surveys and boundary marking to evaluate the current status, opportunities and challenges facing these tengefu. We show that in some cases community closures suffer from slow and incomplete national and local legislative processes, challenges to compliance, and weak management.     

岛礁地形下半潜平台水动力性能研究

文章基于一岛礁实地的地形数据,针对该地形下的半潜式平台进行了水动力及运动响应分析,重点研究了岛礁地形对平台运动响应的影响,并结合模型试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明应用目前常用的以线性波浪理论为基础的数值方法,通过引入对地形与平台之间的绕射与辐射水动力的干扰计算,可以对岛礁地形下的半潜平台进行水动力和运动分析。研究所得到的岛礁条件下的平台运动响应结果与模型试验值对比较为吻合。     

模袋混凝土护坡破损修复施工技术

针对水运工程中模袋混凝土护坡破损修复问题,结合工程实际案例,从设计和施工两方面进行模袋混凝土护坡破损修复施工技术的研究。论述插筋挂模施工设计思路,进行护坡修复稳定分析,综合考虑新浇筑模袋混凝土护坡修复设计,采用打设钢筋、挂模施工,施工方法简单,施工速度快,造价低,解决了模袋混凝土护坡破损修复技术难题。     

Disused shrimp ponds: Options for redevelopment of mangroves

Associated with the rapid increase in the production of cultured marine shrimp has been large‐scale conversion of mangroves to shrimp ponds. Production in many regions has proved to be unsustainable, largely due to inappropriate construction methods, poor environmental conditions, overstocking, and disease. A number of shrimp ponds consequently are unproductive and lie idle. Accurate assessments of pond disuse are difficult to obtain; however, unofficial estimates have suggested that as many as 70% of ponds may be disused after a period in production. Pond construction, shrimp culture, and pond disuse lead to alterations to the physical and chemical properties of soil, hydrological conditions, and the flora and fauna composition of the pond area. The case for restoration, or rehabilitation to a sustainable use, is strong. Consideration must be given to the causes of production failure, the environmental conditions remaining following disuse, the needs and preferences of pond owners and coastal managers, and technical constraints.     

张崇段沿线生态工程建设方案

对张崇段沿线的取土场生态环境进行评估和分析,结合不同的地理位置、环境、气候及植被等情况,提出合理的生态恢复建议,可供施工单位和建设单位参考.     

黄土地区公路边坡客土喷播试验研究

陕西黄土地区具有干旱半干旱、半干旱或半湿润的气候特点,土质疏松,公路边坡易被侵蚀。2004年3~9月,禹门口-阎良高速公路采用客土喷播技术,开展了黄土边坡生态恢复试验研究。2004~2006年的观测结果表明,在该地区采取客土喷播技术,能够在公路边坡快速地建立起良好的植被,1年后植被覆盖率可以达到100%。边坡一旦建立植被,只要植物种类配比恰当,植物群落能够保持相对稳定。坡比是影响生态恢复效果的重要因素,有条件的话,宜采用1∶1的边坡。     

厚层基材喷播边坡防护技术研究

干旱半干旱地区高速公路路基边坡植被恢复是目前的一项技术难点。分析了厚层基材喷播的概念、原理、材料组成及施工工艺。通过项目实践,提出了适宜西宁地区厚层基材喷播边坡植被恢复的植物材料紫花苜蓿、柠条、老芒麦、披碱草、中华羊茅、碱茅等,分析了植物选择的原理及适当配比,并阐述了厚层基材喷播、覆盖、后期管护等重点和难点技术。能有效解决石质边坡生态和植被恢复的难题。特别是为在高大边坡或难施工、难养护地区提供了实践性技术指导。     

Monitoring Human Activity in an Area Dedicated to the Protection of the Endangered Mediterranean Monk Seal

Mediterranean monk seal populations have declined dramatically and survive in subpopulations scattered throughout their original distribution. The National Marine Park of Alonnisos, Northern Sporades is the first marine protected Area dedicated to the protection of the species in the Mediterranean. A Monitoring and Awareness Project has been carried out in the area from 1993 to 2000, the results of which have produced a detailed profile of the human usage pattern of the Park and indicated a significant reduction of illegal activities in the area. The pattern of human usage has enabled the monitoring team to adjust their efforts in the Park over time and provided essential baseline data for future management. The combined monitoring and awareness efforts have contributed significantly to the conservation of the Mediterranean monk seal by successfully protecting pupping sites and reducing human-induced mortality of the species in the area.     

村级河道水生态修复策略与技术措施研究——以闵行区浦锦街道为例

随着国家与公众对乡村生态环境的日益重视,如何对乡村河道进行有效修复成为当前的研究热点.现以闵行区浦锦街道为例,在对其水生态现状调研基础上,解析河道污染特征与污染物来源.并基于绿色生态修复的原则提出了在空间上通过生态缓冲区、河道及植物种植的方式构建河道生态系统的修复思路.进一步根据水体污染特性,制定了底质改良、紫外催化、沉水曝气、底部生物载体、生态浮岛、漂浮草垫、点源净化的内源污染防治技术措施.对比治理前后河道踏勘与水质检测结果显示:治理后河道水生态恢复较好、溶解氧浓度大幅提升、总磷得到了有效控制.后期可根据水体溶解氧浓度对曝气调控以促进对氨氮的去除效果.     

近期典型桥梁事故回顾、分析与启示

对1813~2018年期间的584起桥梁事故进行分析，将桥梁倒塌原因分为施工、自然灾害、设计、意外荷载、耐久性等5类。各原因在倒塌事故中所占比例分别为42.1%、30.0%、11.6%、12.7%、3.6%。除自然灾害外，设计施工不合理为主要原因，而事故发生大多是多种原因综合的结果。以近几年9起典型桥梁倒塌事故为例，分析比较各种倒塌桥梁的主要破坏模式，得到以下启示：①国内大部分梁桥上部结构的平面外位移约束构造不足，在任何一个平面内都不应该是可变体系是国内桥梁设计施工中需要注意的问题；②在应用新工艺、新结构和拆除旧桥时，应加强各种施工工况下的验算；③建议加强桥梁巡查，预防和禁止汽车超载以及桥梁附近大规模堆载；④应注重桥梁结构尤其是斜拉桥和悬索桥等特大桥梁的日常养护管理，当养护力量不足时，尽量选择养护要求较低的桥型。