完善我国海难救助报酬分配的几点建议

救助报酬的分配是海难救助制度中一个至关重要的方面。分配方案的合理与否,公正与否直接影响鼓励救助这一目的的实现。分析了我国有关海难救助报酬分配的现状,比较、借鉴有关救助公约和英、美、日等国家国内法,为其完善提出了几点修改建议。     

Distribution of suspended sediment in the coastal sea off the Ganges–Brahmaputra River mouth: observation from TM data

Remote sensing technique was applied to estimate suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and to understand transportation, distribution and deposition of suspended sediment in the estuary and throughout the coastal sea, off the Ganges–Brahmaputra River mouth. During low river discharge period, zone of turbidity maximum is inferred in the estuary near the shore. SSC map shows that maximum SSC reaches 1050 mg/l in this period. Magnitude of SSC is mainly owing to resuspension of the bottom surface sediments induced by tidal currents flowing over shallow water depths. The influence of depth on resuspension is farther revealed from the distribution and magnitude of SSC along the head of Swatch of No Ground (SNG) submarine canyon. During high river discharge period, huge river outflow pushed the salt wedge and flashes away the suspended sediments in the coastal sea off the river mouth. Zone of turbidity maximum is inferred in the coastal water approximately within 5–10 m depth of water, where the maximum SSC reaches 1700 mg/l. In this period, huge fluvial input of the suspended sediments including the resuspended bottom sediments and the particles remaining in suspension for longer period of time since their initial entry control mainly the magnitude of SSC. In the estuary near the shore, seasonal variation in the magnitude of SSC is not evident. In the coastal sea (>5 m water depth), seasonal influence in the magnitude of SSC could be concluded from the discrepancy between SSC values of two different seasons. Transportation and deposition of suspended sediments also experiences seasonal variations. At present, suspended sediments are being accumulated on the shallow shelf (between 5 and 10 m water depth) in low discharge period and on the mid-shelf (between 10 and 75 m water depth) during high discharge period. An empirical (exponential) relationship was found between gradual settle down of suspended sediments in the coastal sea and its lateral distance from the turbidity maximum.     

Species of Thaumatomastix (Thaumatomastigidae, Protista incertae sedis) from the Arctic sea ice biota (North-East Water Polynya, NE Greenland)

The sea ice biota of polar regions contains numerous heterotrophic flagellates very few of which have been properly identified. The whole mount technique for transmission electron microscopy enables the identification of loricate and scaly forms. A survey of Arctic ice samples (North-East Water Polynya, NE Greenland) revealed the presence of ca. 12 taxa belonging to the phagotrophic genus Thaumatomastix (Protista incertae sedis). Species of Thaumatomastix possess siliceous body scales and one naked and one scale-covered flagellum. The presence in both Arctic samples and sea ice material previously examined from the Antarctic indicates that this genus is most likely ubiquitous in polar sea ice and may be an important component in sea ice biota microbial activities.     

加速发展我国高性能船舶和水上高速客运

为开发海洋经济，发展海上运输，加快海军现代化建设步伐，必须加速发展高性能船舶和水下高速客运。为此，本文提出了有关决策层参考的几点政策性建议。     

加装脱硫塔船舶试航活动的安全监督探讨

随着很多国际航行船舶选择加装脱硫塔来应对全球限硫令,单个设备运转试航船舶艘次大量增加。该类试航活动次数频繁、航经水域通航环境复杂、参与人员较多且未经必要的培训,存在较大的安全风险。文中归纳加装脱硫塔船舶的试航活动特征,梳理、分析存在的安全隐患和监督难点,提出相应的管理对策和建议。     

沙棘果油及沙棘籽油对大鼠放射性皮肤损伤的影响

目的观察沙棘果油及沙棘籽油对大鼠放射性皮肤损伤的影响。方法实验用深部X线治疗机,每次以3000 cGy的剂量,照射两次,造成大白鼠臀部放射性皮肤损伤。待动物症状明显后,将Ⅱ度皮肤损伤的动物随机分为6组,即阴性对照组、沙棘果油高剂量组、沙棘果油低剂量组、沙棘籽油高剂量组、沙棘籽油低剂量组以及阳性对照组。沙棘果油及籽油高剂量组,每天在损伤部位涂药两次,而其低剂量组每天涂药一次,阴性对照组每天涂灭菌的注射用水一次,阳性对照组每天涂Solcoseryl-Jelly软膏一次。结果肉眼观察结果显示,连续用药10d后,沙棘果油、籽油及Sol-coseryl-Jelly组动物的局部红斑、水肿明显减轻,创面分泌物明显减少,用药2周后,上述症状明显消退,与阴性对照组比较,明显好转;另外,沙棘果油、籽油及Solcoseryl-Jelly组的创面愈合时间明显缩短。光学显微镜观察结果显示,沙棘果油、籽油及Solcoseryl-Jelly组的皮肤损伤明显减轻,炎症反应亦明显减轻,创面修复明显。电子显微镜观察结果显示,阴性对照组的超微结构明显受损,而沙棘果油、籽油及Solcoseryl-Jelly组的损伤明显减轻。结论沙棘果油及沙棘籽油对大鼠放射性皮肤损伤有明显的治疗作用。     

FLNG总体设计关键技术研究

阐述了集天然气预处理、液化、储存、外输为一体的新型海上浮式装置FLNG总体设计中的几项关键技术。提出控制船体运动性能的重要性,从主尺度选择、线型设计和典型配载工况等方面入手进行分析,确定250,000m3 FLNG船体主尺度,以确保上部生产系统高效率的正常作业。针对LNG货物围护系统,提出薄膜型(双排舱)和SPB独立舱型两种货物围护系统方案,并从上部模块支墩设置和隔离舱加热等方面对这两个方案进行比较。论述FLNG冷却海水供应系统的特点及其与常规海底门取水方法的不同之处,提出舷外海水提升泵取水的可行方案。     

“沪救捞62”DP系统实船研究

动力定位系统作为关键装备正在海工领域发挥越来越重要的作用。上海打捞局工程船队的"沪救捞62"铺缆船于2014年进行了动力定位系统的加装改造工程,完成了推进器IO接口模块的改装升级,并新增了相关传感器和动力定位控制系统。通过实船海试,该套DP系统的应用有效性获得了验证,相关实测数据对进一步的DP研究具有重要价值。     

张力作动筒高架索恒张力控制系统仿真

张力作动筒是舰船海上航行横向补给装置维持高架索恒张力的关键系统。通过建立张力作动筒高架索恒张力控制系统数学模型,利用Matlab/simulink软件建立仿真模型,对舰船横向标准恒张力补给方法(STREAM)中采用的张力作动筒系统进行仿真分析。通过对影响高架索张力波动的主要设计参数的仿真分析(如储气罐容量、空气和液压油流动阻力系数以及补给海况),提出相应的系统设计和使用建议:一是要保证合理的储气罐容量;二是要尽量减少液压油和高压空气的流动阻力;三是对震动敏感的特殊货物应在低海况下传输。     

开敞海域中液体散货泊位长度探讨

对国内若干开敞海域码头泊位长度进行分析,又对英、美、日本及石油公司国际论坛等现行港口工程规范中开敞式码头泊位长度的确定方法进行讨论。在此基础上指出:开敞海域液体散货码头的横向约束比纵向约束更为重要;在不影响船舶约束效果的前提下,采用较大水平系缆角以及适中的缆绳长度可有效缩短泊位长度;并建议对于单个独立的开敞式液体散货泊位,其泊位长度可按1.1~1.3倍设计船长确定。