Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.     

64D型半自动闭塞电子化浅析

简要介绍了铁路闭塞技术以及64D型半自动闭塞的继电器电路实现，在此基础上引入了64D型半自动闭塞的电子化实现方式，最后对二者的使用成本作了比较并得出结论。     

ZPW-2000A无绝缘轨道电路施工

通过介绍无绝缘轨道电路改造的施工方法,避免了一些问题的出现,为电气化改造中的编码方法、点灯条件的完善提供了可以借鉴的经验。     

电气化铁路对地电观测台影响的研究

通过对电气化铁路产生各种电磁影响分析,得出了影响最大的是地电流的结论。对地电流影响进行理论分析,提出计算公式;针对实际工程中铁路线可能无法满足国家推荐标准中规定最小间距的问题,给出电气化铁路与地电观测台站电磁兼容的解决思路。     

Air quality impacts of electric vehicle adoption in Texas

Widespread adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) may substantially reduce emissions of greenhouse gases while improving regional air quality and increasing energy security. However, outcomes depend heavily on the electricity generation process, power plant locations, and vehicle use decisions. This paper provides a clear methodology for predicting PEV emissions impacts by anticipating battery-charging decisions and power plant energy sources across Texas. Life-cycle impacts of vehicle production and use and Texans’ exposure to emissions are also computed and monetized. This study reveals to what extent PEVs are more environmentally friendly, for most pollutant species, than conventional passenger cars in Texas, after recognizing the emissions and energy impacts of battery provision and other manufacturing processes. Results indicate that PEVs on today’s grid can reduce GHGs, NO_x, PM₁₀, and CO in urban areas, but generate significantly higher emissions of SO₂ than existing light-duty vehicles. Use of coal for electricity production is a primary concern for PEV growth, but the energy security benefits of electrified vehicle-miles endure. As conventional vehicle emissions rates improve, it appears that power grids must follow suit (by improving emissions technologies and/or shifting toward cleaner generation sources) to compete on an emissions-monetized basis with conventional vehicles in many locations. Moreover, while PEV pollution impacts may shift to more remote (power plant) locations, dense urban populations remain most strongly affected by local power plant emissions in many Texas locations.     

电分相对区间信号机布置的影响

分析了各种列车编组以不同速度通过电分相的情况,通过计算所需要的走行时间和距离,提出了起动距离的计算公式。当通过信号机需要布置在电分相附近时,电分相对行车安全和通过能力会产生重要的影响。结合不同的线路条件,详细描述了这些影响,并且通过合理的区间信号机布置来解决这一问题。     

电气化铁道供电系统对通信电缆线路的影响

介绍了电气化铁道供电系统对通信电缆线路危险影响产生的原因、计算公式、防护措施、操作及维修要求。     

光纤直放站原理及在铁路移动通信的应用

介绍光纤直放站原理、组网方式、设备特点以及在既有铁路电气化改造中的应用。     

面向对象的线路电流差动保护IED设计

保护和控制IED(Intelligent Electronic Device)是变电站自动化系统中重要的智能电子设备.IED面向对象设计较传统的面向过程设计具有更好的可靠性、可复用性、可维护性和可理解性.本文针对输电线路电流差动保护,提出了面向对象的IED设计,基于统一建模语言UML进行建模,使用Rational Rose作为开发工具建立了功能模型、静态模型和动态模型.     

广州公交电动化推广及应用分析

本文从工作背景、车辆采购、充电桩建设、资金及技术保障、旧车处置、节能降耗等方面对广州公交集团公交电动化工作经验和存在问题进行了总结分析,以为其他城市推广纯电动公交车提供参考经验。