智能船舶设计方法体系研究

根据国家两部门《推进船舶总装建造智能化转型行动计划(2019-2021年)》关于实现船舶设计、建造、管理和服务全生命周期的数字化、网络化、智能化的目标,本文通过智能船舶与传统船舶的比较,分析了两者之间的差异及其对智能船舶设计原则和方法的影响。应用现代设计技术和系统工程方法,提出了智能船舶设计原则和方法体系,供智能船舶设计人员在设计智能船舶时参考。     

生命周期评价及其在汽车排放领域的应用

介绍了生命周期评价(LCA)的定义、评估对象、范围、评价思路、步骤及其体系框架,说明了汽车排放分析中存在的两种循环(燃料循环和车辆循环)。通过分析汽车生命周期排放模型及其在CATCH(Clean A ccessible Transport for Community Health)研究中的一个实际应用案例,进一步阐明了生命周期评价在对各种燃料进行排放分析过程中的实际应用价值,最后介绍了生命周期评价在国外汽车企业中的研究发展情况、实际产品以及应用前景。     

计算机联锁系统生命周期的风险管理

随着计算机联锁系统在中国铁路运输中的普及，对该系统的生命周期各个阶段存在的风险进行有效的管理，有着十分重要的意义。     

Lifecycle modeling and assessment of unmanned aerial vehicles (Drones) CO2e emissions

There are no studies that model the potential effectiveness of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones to reduce CO₂e lifecycle (including both utilization and vehicle phase) emissions when compared to conventional diesel vans, electric trucks, electric vans, and tricycles. This study presents a novel analysis of lifecycle UAV and ground commercial vehicles CO₂e emissions. Different route and customer configurations are modeled analytically. Utilizing real-word data, tradeoffs and comparative advantages of UAVs are discussed. Breakeven points for operational emissions are obtained and the results clearly indicate that UAVs are more CO₂e efficient, for small payloads, than conventional diesel vans in a per-distance basis. Drastically different results are obtained when customers can be grouped in a delivery route. UAV deliveries are not more CO₂e efficient than tricycle or electric van delivery services if a few customers can be grouped in a route. Vehicle phase CO₂e emissions for UAVs are significant and must be taken into account. Ground vehicles are more efficient when comparing vehicles production and disposal emissions per delivery.     

An analysis of the retail and lifecycle cost of battery-powered electric vehicles

Regulators, policy analysts, automobile manufacturers, environmental groups, and others are debating the merits of policies regarding the development and use of battery-powered electric vehicles (BPEVs). At the crux of this debate is lifecycle cost: the annualized initial vehicle cost, plus annual operating and maintenance costs, plus battery replacement costs. To address this issue of cost, we have developed a detailed model of the performance, energy use, manufacturing cost, retail cost, and lifecycle cost of electric vehicles and comparable gasoline internal-combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). This effort is an improvement over most previous studies of electric vehicle costs because instead of assuming important parameter values for such variables as vehicle efficiency and battery cost, we model these values in detail. We find that in order for electric vehicles to be cost-competitive with gasoline ICEVs, batteries must have a lower manufacturing cost, and a longer life, than the best lithium-ion and nickel–metal hydride batteries we modeled. We believe that it is most important to reduce the battery manufacturing cost to $100/kWh or less, attain a cycle life of 1200 or more and a calendar life of 12 years or more, and aim for a specific energy of around 100 Wh/kg.     

Vehicle energy efficiency evaluation from well-to-wheel lifecycle perspective

Given a fundamental role of automobiles in human society, evaluation of vehicle energy efficiency is of utmost importance. Various reports have been published hitherto concerning well-to-wheel (WTW) fuel consumption at the vehicle operation phase. On the other hand, WTW energy consumption at other lifecycle phases has been scarcely integrated in the assessment of vehicle energy efficiency. Particularly, WTW energy consumption for material structure is significantly associated with fuel economy. As such, this paper firstly analyzes the lifecycle WTW vehicle energy efficiency from the perspective of both material structures at the manufacture phase and fuel consumption at the operation phase for conventional vehicle (CV), electric vehicle (EV), hybrid vehicle (HV) and fuel cell vehicle (FCV). Then, an expected transition of vehicle weight and energy consumption arising from material structural shift through the replacement of steel with aluminum is evaluated. Finally, the overall vehicle energy efficiency in Japan in 2020–2050 is projected. It is discovered that the inclusion of energy consumption for material structure has a significant impact on the determination of the vehicle energy efficiency, particularly for new generation vehicles. WTW analysis at the multiple lifecycle phases may be of use in establishing more comprehensive principles of vehicle energy efficiency.     

沥青路面最佳罩面厚度的确定

针对目前国内沥青路面罩面设计方法的不足,借助于同济大学对新建和罩面改建后的沥青路面使用性能的研究成果,将寿命周期费用分析引入罩面设计,提出基于性能的沥青路面罩面设计方法。该方法主要包括两部分:一是对于新建路面和使用不久、路况尚好的路面,进行最佳罩面时机和最佳罩面厚度的选择(已在参考文献1中述及);二是对于已需进行罩面的路段,只进行最佳罩面厚度的选择,本文即是针对此情况。文中考虑了寿命周期和一个性能期罩面厚度的优化,给出了几个性能期最佳罩面厚度设计诺谟图。     

基于全制造服务周期的智能工厂系统结构模型

为支撑工厂的制造智能化,需要建立有效的运营支撑系统。智能工厂的运营支撑系统应在保护既有遗存系统和制造资源的基础上,满足制造资源动态配置的需求及制造服务化需求,实现多系统间集成。基于从研发创新到产品运维的全制造服务生命周期迭代过程,构造智能工厂系统结构参考模型。模型从微服务架构出发,建立制造资源的分类树,并进行服务封装,构造微制造服务单元,通过改进的企业业务总线和集成开发环境,发布制造应用,实现智能工厂运营支撑系统。基于微服务的企业业务总线既保持对遗存系统的继承,也可弹性部署以支持不同规模的智能工厂。企业业务总线在智能工厂环境下的数据总线、知识总线、流程总线和安全总线子类,及多个服务域的部署通过案例予以阐明。