Global Business Protocol and Etiquette in Negotiation

随着中国加入世界贸易组织和即将到来的2008年奥运会,中国成为了一个崛起的现代化国家。中国将有越来越多的机会与世界各国合作。而商务活动离不开谈判过程,因此我们也将有更多的机会与不同民族国家的人进行贸易谈判。因此,全球商务谈判礼仪也变得尤为重要。本文通过文中引用的例子向人们一一展示了一些基本的谈判技巧和不同国家之间的礼仪差异。读后,你会了解更多关于商务谈判中的礼仪知识。     

Contracting regimes for bus services: What have we learnt after 20 years?

This paper reviews a number of themes that have played a crucial role in the debate on alternative contracting regimes for the provision of urban bus services. We have selected four crucial issues to reflect on: (i) contractual regimes (in particular competitive tendering as compared to negotiated performance-based contracts, as means to award the rights to provide service); (ii) contract completeness (focussing on ex ante and ex post elements); (iii) building trust through partnership; and (iv) tactical or system level planning for bus services. Experience in these areas suggests that competitive tendering has frequently not lived up to expectations and that negotiation is likely in many circumstances to deliver better value for money.     

3D轴焊接构架式转向架重车过曲线轮轨横向力超标原因分析

根据转向架结构理论分析和动力学仿真计算,对3D轴焊接构架式转向架通过曲线时重车轮轨横向力偏大的原因进行分析。认为3D轴焊接构架式转向架的主、副摩擦面摩擦系数偏大,使重车通过曲线时斜楔处于卡死状态,轮对轴箱纵向呈刚性定位,从而导致重车过曲线时轮轨横向力偏大。提出只要将斜楔副摩擦面的摩擦系数减小至0.1左右,则在轮轨纵向蠕滑力的作用下,轴箱斜楔纵向就不会被卡死,而且轮对纵向定位刚度只由轴箱弹簧提供,可以有效地降低重车过曲线时的轮轨横向力。线路动力学试验证明理论分析和仿真计算的结果是正确的。     

海上智能交通系统体系的构建与实现

海上智能交通系统构建的关键是实现船舶航行自动化和对海上交通能够实行有效的管理,从宏观角度可归结为船舶的避碰。但以往的避碰研究都对信息的交流考虑不够。基于系统的思想,我们认为把协商决策引入船舶避碰才能发挥系统整体的最佳效能,提出了建立海上智能交通系统的框架与结构体系,并探讨了其具体实现及关键技术和问题。最后对其未来发展进行展望,给出了相关建议。     

Applying a Mediated Negotiation Framework to Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Conflict is intrinsic to coastal zone management, yet relatively few peer-reviewed studies have examined how coastal managers might apply conflict resolution processes in the coastal zone management (CZM) context. The authors believe that many of these disputes can be addressed by using a structured mediation model that involves face-to-face negotiation with a broad range of stakeholders to build consensus-based agreements for integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). To explore this further, the article examines four questions. First, it examines how CZM literature characterizes conflict and conflict resolution. Second, it looks at how essential principles from the field of alternative dispute resolution and environmental mediation can be best employed in the ICZM context. In particular, it explores the various elements of a stepwise agreement building model, a mediated negotiation process model the authors use in practice that bases its success on a foundation of four principles: representation, participation, legitimacy, and accountability. Next, it details three essential tools used in this process, stakeholder analysis, joint factfinding, and single-text negotiation, that the authors believe to be promising for developing and adopting stable, well-informed, and implementable agreements for ICZM. Finally, the article examines how these structuring principles and process strategies have been used in two recent case studies regarding the management of the San Francisco estuary and its tributaries.     

高速铁路对道岔侧向最高允许通过速度的要求

从满足高速铁路运营的角度,研究道岔侧向最高允许通过速度。分析认为影响因素有列车最小运行间隔时间、最高运行速度、列车制动性能和加速性能、沿线车站到发线长度。以列车最高运行速度300km·h-1和350km·h-1等条件为前提,对4种运行工况下道岔侧向最高允许通过速度要求进行计算。结果表明,高速铁路的区间道岔侧向最高允许通过速度选择应不低于160km·h-1,车站道岔和咽喉区渡线侧向最高允许通过速度选择应不低于100km·h-1。     

Delivering trusting partnerships for route bus services: A Melbourne case study

The Thredbo Conference series has developed the idea of negotiated performance-based contracts as effective public transport service delivery mechanisms, with trusting partnerships between authority and operators providing an environment likely to maximise the performance of this delivery mode. However, there is a distinct lack of relevant case study material on trusting partnerships in public transport to affirm this proposition. This paper seeks to redress the balance. It outlines the system development directions that are being implemented for bus services in Melbourne, Australia, and the way that a broad-based constituency has been built to support those directions. It then illustrates the extension of the tactical trusting partnership approach between purchaser and provider to the level of the individual operator contract, showing how this should create a flexible yet disciplined environment to manage and cope with change and growth. The broad nature of the new contracts is summarised and, building on the findings from Thredbo 9, processes that are being implemented to manage the on-going relationship between purchaser and providers are outlined. Finally, the paper argues for extending KPIs beyond the operator to encompass the authority/regulator and the partnership of authority/operator, to extend performance pressures beyond the operator and recognise the interdependence of partners in a true partnership.