基于发动机在环的重型柴油车实际道路细小颗粒物排放特性研究

本文中选取了一台7.8L的重型柴油机,在发动机台架上运行WHSC(世界统一稳态循环)、冷热态WHTC(世界统一瞬态循环),并通过发动机在环的方法在发动机台架上运行重型柴油车实际道路(PEMS)循环,采用能够同时测量PN10(10 nm以上颗粒物数量)和PN23(23 nm以上颗粒物数量)的颗粒计数器等设备测量了细小颗粒...     

基于不同燃油品质的内河船舶排放特性试验研究

采用车载排放测试系统,对某内河船舶于苏州河某航段进行了分别燃用B0（纯石化柴油）和B10（生物柴油-柴油混合燃料,生物柴油体积比10%）的实船放对比试验,探究了燃油品质对内河船舶PN（颗粒物数量）、CO、THC和NOX排放的影响,结果表明：○1内河船舶燃用B0和B10时的PN随粒径分布相似,在离港、进港和低负荷工况时呈双峰对数分布,在巡航及中、高负荷工况时呈单峰对数分布;○2内河船舶燃用B0和B10时,PN、THC、NOX排放均随负荷变大而升高,而CO排放则先降低后升高;○3相对B0,内河船舶燃用B10时PN、CO排放下降、THC和NOX排放上升,离港、巡航、进港时PN排放因子分别降低13.82%、8.21%、46.44%,CO排放因子分别降低20.87%、34.75%、17.60%, THC排放因子分别升高33.68%、26.00%、14.15%,NOX排放因子分别升高1.33%、13.92%、8.93%。     

基于PEMS的MOBILE与COPERT排放模型对比研究

为研究符合我国国情的机动车尾气排放宏观模型,本文首先系统地介绍了MOBILE与COPERT模型的算法原理、特点及应用;然后描述了车载尾气检测设备（PEMS）的数据采集及分析方法,并利用车载尾气设备检测的实测数据对两模型进行了参数校正;最后从排放因子和道路等级角度将两模型输出的预测值与实测值进行了对比分析. 结果表明,在测试车辆总行驶周期内以及各道路等级下,COPERT模型的NOx、HC和CO排放因子预测值较MOBILE模型的预测结果与实测值更为接近;在测试车辆总行驶周期内,前者误差比后者分别小19.2%、40.8%和22.0%. 最后得出结论:在预测中国机动车尾气排放时,COPERT模型较MOBILE模型更为适用.     

The impact of road grade on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of a passenger vehicle in real-world driving

To accurately estimate real-world vehicle emission at 1 Hz the road grade for each second of data must be quantified. Failure to incorporate road grade can result in over or underestimation of a vehicle’s power output and hence cause inaccuracy in the instantaneous emission estimate. This study proposes a simple LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) – GIS (Geographic Information System) road grade estimation methodology, using GIS software to interpolate the elevation for each second of data from a Digital Terrain Map (DTM). On-road carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from a passenger car were recorded by Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) over 48 test laps through an urban-traffic network. The test lap was divided into 8 sections for micro-scale analysis. The PHEM instantaneous emission model (Hausberger, 2003) was employed to estimate the total CO₂ emission through each lap and section. The addition of the LiDAR-GIS road grade to the PHEM modelling improved the accuracy of the CO₂ emission predictions. The average PHEM estimate (with road grade) of the PEMS measured section total CO₂ emission (n = 288) was 93%, with 90% of the PHEM estimates between 80% and 110% of the PEMS recorded value. The research suggests that instantaneous emission modelling with LiDAR-GIS calculated road grade is a viable method for generating accurate real-world micro-scale CO₂ emission estimates. The sensitivity of the CO₂ emission predictions to road grade was also tested by lessening and exaggerating the gradient profiles, and demonstrates that assuming a flat profile could cause considerable error in real-world CO₂ emission estimation.     

车载法排放测量标准解析与应用

介绍DB11/965-2013《重型汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(车载法)》的测量系统、测试工况和判定方法,并按标准规定的底盘测功机法和道路试验法分别进行样车试验和数据分析,指出车载测量法的优点和应用趋势。     

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利用车载尾气排放检测系统（PEMS）对捷达轻型车在高速公路人工收费（MTC）和电子收费（ETC）两种方式下的大量尾气排放数据进行了收集和比较。分析结果表明ETC能降低所有污染物的排放,但NOx的降幅却远低于HC和CO的降幅。应用车辆比功率（VSP）模型方法进行了深入的排放预测研究,研究发现[-2, 2]是收费站尾气排放预测的重要VSP区间。对[-2, 2]进行VSP区间细分后,排放预测的准确度得到了提高。对车辆速度、VSP、NOx累积排放的全面分析解释了NOx降幅低于其他污染物的原因。最后对利用排队长度的排放预测模型进行了研究,发现该模型不适用于MTC方式下的NOx排放预测。     

面向生态驾驶的智能手机应用的开发与检验

激烈驾驶行为导致的排放在机动车排放中占有较高的比重.本研究尝试开发 并检验一款生态驾驶智能手机应用,以实时提醒驾驶员减少激烈驾驶行为,从而减少机 动车排放.为此,本研究基于Android 手机平台,通过实时监测机动车比功率（Vehicle Specific Power , VSP）的方法,开发出可给予驾驶员实时提醒的手机应用.然后,利用车载 尾气监测系统（Portable Emission Measurement System, PEMS）和全球定位系统（Global Positioning System, GPS）,收集测试车辆在使用生态驾驶智能手机应用前、后的逐秒排放 和速度数据.实测数据显示,在使用该生态驾驶手机应用的情况下,测试车辆的VSP分布 形态发生了改变,导致其排放状况也随之发生变化.测试车辆排放物中的CO,CO2 和NOx 排放量降低,而HC排放则有所升高.     

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面对城市交通拥堵严重,环境污染逐年加剧,本文利用车载尾气检测技术收集和比较了北京市典型信号协调路段与普通路段的实测尾气排放数据,分析了两种控制策略下的机动车尾气污染水平与分布规律;此外,结合微观交通仿真模型VISSIM和基于VSP变量的尾气排放建模方法,搭建了微观交通尾气仿真平台,通过实例仿真评价了不同信号配时和不同交通流量两种交通控制策略下的尾气排放。     

Analysis of real driving gaseous emissions from light-duty diesel vehicles

Increasingly strict emissions standards are providing a major impetus to vehicle manufactures for developing advanced powertrain and after-treatment systems that can significantly reduce real driving emissions. The knowledge of the gaseous emissions from diesel engines under steady-state operation and under transient operation provides substantial information to analyze real driving emissions of diesel vehicles. While there are noteworthy advances in the assessment of road vehicle emissions from real driving and laboratory measurements, detailed information on real driving gaseous emissions are required in order to predict effectively the real-time gaseous emissions from a diesel vehicle under realistic driving conditions. In this work, experiments were performed to characterize the behavior of NOx, unburned HC, CO, and CO₂ emitted from light-duty diesel vehicles that comply with Euro 6 emissions standards. The driving route fully reflected various real-world driving conditions such as urban, rural, and highway. The real-time emission measurements were conducted with a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) including a Global Positioning System (GPS). To investigate the gaseous emission characteristics, authors determined the road load coefficients of vehicle specific power (VSP) and regression coefficient between fuel use rate and VSP. Furthermore, this work revealed the correlation between the rates of average fuel use and each gaseous emission.     

Characteristics of gaseous and particulate pollutants exhaust from logistics transportation vehicle on real-world conditions

On-road vehicle tests of three heavy duty diesel trucks were conducted by a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) in Chengdu, China. SEMTECH-ECOSTAR provided by Sensors Inc. was employed to detect gaseous emissions and MI2, an emissions measuring instrument powered by the Pegasor Particulate Sensor (PPS) was used to detect particulate emissions during the tests. The impacts of speed, acceleration and engine load on emissions were analyzed. The average nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission factors of the heavy duty diesel truck (HDDT), medium-duty diesel truck (MDDT), light duty diesel truck (LDDT) were 7.29, 5.29 and 5.53 g/km. The particulate emission factors were 0.60, 0.30 and 0.14 g/km respectively, higher than the similar reported in the previous studies. Both gaseous and particulate emission exhibit significant correlations with the change in vehicle speed, acceleration and power demand. The highest emission was generally in high VSPs and higher loads. High engine load caused by aggressive driving was the main factor of high emissions for the vehicles on real-world conditions.