Online channel strategies under different offline channel power structures for the Belt and Road of China

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the online channel strategies adopted by Chinese manufacturers with regard to the Belt and Road. It also investigates the effect of offline channel power structures and maritime transportation costs on online channel mode selection and pricing strategies. The offline channel power structures are classified into three types, namely, Chinese manufacturer Stackelberg (MS) structure, vertical Nash (VN) structure, and foreign retailer Stackelberg (RS) structure. Furthermore, a game model is developed among the Chinese manufacturer, foreign retailer, and cross-border e-tailer to investigate the interactions among offline channel power structures, maritime transportation costs, and Chinese manufacturers’ online channel mode selection. The results show that Chinese manufacturers’ preferences for the online agency selling mode increases correspondingly with the decrease in their market position and bargaining power. Moreover, foreign retailers can obtain higher profits in the online agency selling mode under the VN structure. However, the level of profit for foreign retailers depends on the intensity of their competition with cross-border e-tailers under the MS and RS structures. Finally, consumers in countries along the Belt and Road can obtain a higher surplus in the online agency selling mode under all of the structures.     

Organic carbon budget for the Gulf of Bothnia

We calculated input of organic carbon to the unproductive, brackish water basin of the Gulf of Bothnia from rivers, point sources and the atmosphere. We also calculated the net exchange of organic carbon between the Gulf of Bothnia and the adjacent marine system, the Baltic Proper. We compared the input with sinks for organic carbon; permanent incorporation in sediments and mineralization and subsequent evasion of CO₂ to the atmosphere. The major fluxes were riverine input (1500 Gg C year^− 1), exchange with the Baltic Proper (depending on which of several possible DOC concentration differences between the basins that was used in the calculation, the flux varied between an outflow of 466 and an input of 950 Gg C year^− 1), sediment burial (1100 Gg C year^− 1) and evasion to the atmosphere (3610 Gg C year^− 1). The largest single net flux was the emission of CO₂ to the atmosphere, mainly caused by bacterial mineralization of organic carbon. Input and output did not match in our budget which we ascribe uncertainties in the calculation of the exchange of organic carbon between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic Proper, and the fact that CO₂ emission, which in our calculation represented 1 year (2002) may have been overestimated in comparison with long-term means. We conclude that net heterotrophy of the Gulf of Bothnia was due to input of organic carbon from both the catchment and from the Baltic Proper and that the future degree of net heterotrophy will be sensible to both catchment export of organic carbon and to the ongoing eutrophication of the Baltic Proper.     

Impacts of motor vehicle operation on water quality in the US – Cleanup costs and policies

This paper investigates the costs of controlling some of the environmental impacts of motor vehicle transportation on groundwater and on surface waters. We estimate that annualized costs of cleaning-up leaking underground storage tanks range from $0.8 billion to $2.1 billion per year over 10 years. Annualized costs of controlling highway runoff from principal arterials in the US are much larger: they range from $2.9 billion to $15.6 billion per year over 20 years (1.6–8.3% of annualized highway transportation expenditures). Some causes of non-point source pollution were unintentionally created by regulations or could be addressed by simple design changes of motor vehicles. A review of applicable measures suggests that effective policies should combine economic incentives, information campaigns, and enforcement, coupled with preventive environmental measures. In general, preventing water pollution from motor vehicles would be much cheaper than cleaning it up.     

长江口深水航道治理工程的施工组织原则

长江口深水航道治理工程具有规模大、施工强度高、水域开敞、作业条件差，特别是滩面物质易发生冲蚀等特点。整治建筑物工程大量采用了新型结构。因此，一、二期工程中创新地制定并实施了一系列施工组织原则，确保了河势的稳定和整治建筑物的安全；研制开发了一批施工新工艺和大型专用作业船；创造了水运工程建设的高速度；取得了良好的整治效果。文中对工程概况、特点、该工程实施的施工组织原则及实践效果作了概要介绍。     

高速铁路无砟轨道综合技术经济分析

无砟轨道结构以其自身高平顺性、高可靠性、高稳定性等特性得到国外高速铁路发达国家的广泛认同。我国高速铁路在"引进、消化、吸收、再创新"的思想指导下,先后研发出CRTSⅠ、CRTSⅡ、CRTSⅢ型板式及CRTSⅠ型双块式等无砟轨道结构型式,并在国内多条高速铁路及客运专线上得到成功应用。但是,也应该看到,我国无砟轨道结构设计还处于不断优化完善阶段,对各种轨道结构的技术特点、适用性以及工程造价等尚没有统一的认识。从设计、施工、养护维修的角度对我国已应用的主要型式的无砟轨道进行技术特点分析和对比研究,并对不同型式无砟轨道的造价进行分析。     

南京大胜关长江大桥CPⅢ点位随温度变化的模型研究

以京沪高铁南京大胜关长江大桥CPⅢ高精密测量为工程背景,经过坐标变换后计算得出各个点位的膨胀值,利用概率与统计理论分析处理,得到可用于建模的点对数据(ΔS,ΔT)。根据一定的假设条件,建立了测量点位的位移随环境温度变化的线性回归模型,从而得出大桥CPⅢ位置POS与温度T之间的关系。利用该模型修正并评价测量数据,结果表明其较差完全符合要求,区间预测模型可用。并编程实现了CPⅢ点位位置随环境温度变化的自动化预测,能够方便地为大桥的变形观测、定期复测和实际胀缩效果分析提供一定的参考。     

论轨道交通对珠三角区域经济一体化的促进作用

珠三角区域城市群的崛起扩大了区域内交通需求规模,改变了交通需求结构,需要尽快形成以轨道交通网为骨干的区域快速公交走廊。阐述了轨道交通的建设与发展对区域经济一体化发展具有的经济诱发、开发先导、区位再造和资源创造等四大功能。提出了加强规划协调、创新发展理念、优化体制机制和给予政策支持等四方面的措施建议,以充分发挥轨道交通对珠三角区域经济一体化的促进作用。     

科学发展模式对经济效益影响的几点建议

落实科学发展观,采用科学发展模式,关键在于结合实际、统筹兼顾、协调发展,将信心和动力通过实际工作转化为经济效益。此文以施工管理和节约能耗为例,阐述大型工程建设应优化资源配置,按施工组织设计配备各类人员,各类材料要按规领取,节约使用和有序囤放。工程管理中应根据建设规模合理选定现场检测点,以节约路途时间和能耗,增加经济效益。     

江苏省沿江城市群城际轨道交通线网规划方案研究

城际轨道交通的规划建设是城市群发展的必然要求,江苏沿江城市群是我国城市化进程过程中重点发展的区域。根据沿江地区城市群的特征,把沿江地区城际轨道交通线网分为主骨架城际网和都市圈城际网两个层次进行规划,重点研究沿江地区都市圈内部中心城市之间以及中心城市与中小城市之间的城际轨道交通通勤线网。     

闽江下游堤防护岸工程施工技术

阐述福建闽江下游堤防护岸工程的原状和维修的必要性 ,提出护岸工程中水下护脚和水上护坡的几种不同结构形式和施工技术并对各自的适用性和优缺点进行评述