现代化都市圈轨道交通规划思考与广州探索

建设现代化都市圈是实现城市群高质量发展、实践新型城镇化的重要途径。都市圈轨道交通已成为实现都市圈时空高效组织和交通一体化的必要条件。目前,中国以超大城市为中心、1 h通勤圈为基本范围的都市圈已初具雏形,尤其以广州为中心的都市圈已发展相对成熟。基于都市圈内涵辨析,总结国外都市圈及轨道交通发展的相关经验,分析目前国内都市圈跨城通勤出行及轨道交通特征,回顾广州在都市圈轨道交通规划方面3个阶段的探索历程,总结经验并重点提出需要注意的4个方面,为建设现代化都市圈和有条件地区编制都市圈轨道交通规划提供经验参考。     

Time windows in workers' activity patterns: Empirical evidence from the Netherlands

This paper assumes that activities at the home and work location are important determinants of individuals' paths through time and space. Fixed activities at these locations determine to a large extent the duration and timing of time windows – blocks of time available for participation in travel and out-of-home non-work activities. Taking the time spent at home and at the workplace as a starting point, this paper classifies activity patterns on workdays into six groups with distinct home- and work-stay patterns. For this, data are used from the 1998 Netherlands National Travel Survey. The six clusters vary in terms of the duration and timing of time windows and some of the differences can be explained by commute characteristics, types of non-work activities performed, workers' sociodemographic attributes, and their spatiotemporal environment. However, the impact of sociodemographic and spatiotemporal variables on cluster membership is shown to be weak.     

小学生上下学出行特征分析与管理策略

小学生上下学交通是城市居民出行的重要组成部分,由于家长接送学生时私人小汽车的停放以及机非混合,严重影响了学校门口的交通运行。以小学生上下学出行为研究对象,结合某小学的分层抽样OD调查数据,研究小学生上下学出行方式,并与美国小学生的出行方式进行对比;采集学校所在路段的交通量,绘制12 h交通量时变曲线,与无学校影响的、类似路段的交通量时变曲线进行对比,揭示学校所在路段交通量波动特征和上下学出行结构特征。在出行结构分析和交通量分析基础上,从出行结构和供需关系两方面提出改善小学生上下学交通的管理策略。     

The social context of informal commuting: Slugs, strangers and structuration

Despite considerable interest in the role of social interactions and social context on transportation, there have been very few attempts to explore specific cases of social interaction influencing transportation systems. This paper explores the social practice of slugging, an informal system of carpooling in the Washington, DC area. Slugging emerged in response to the establishment of Virginia’s High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes in the early 1970s, as single drivers picked up riders alongside the road (slugs) in order to meet the requirements for driving in the less congested HOV lanes. Drawing on the work of sociologist Anthony Giddens, as well as the sociological insights of Georg Simmel and Stanley Milgram, we suggest that the practice of slugging highlights the processes of institutionalization and structuration. This paper details how the region’s mass transportation policies and urban culture have combined to result in an institutionalized practice with particular norms and logics of behavior. We conclude that looking at specific cases where social context has affected transportation, like slugging, could provide useful insights on the impact of social context on transportation policies and systems.     

城市居民通勤活动行为的时空特征研究——以上海浦东新区为例

通勤活动行为是人类最基本的日常活动之一，通勤方式的选择一定程度上决定着通勤的基本特征。本文根据2005年浦东新区人口变动追踪调查的结果，以城市居民通勤方式、通勤时间以及通勤距离的基本特征分析为基础，着重从通勤方式的角度研究城市居民通勤行为活动的时空特征，并探讨了通勤现象的距离变化特性。     

基于手机话单数据的通勤出行特征分析 ——以深圳市为例

通过手机话单数据提取用户的出行特征具有可行性.然而,手机话单数据的稀疏性对提取居民出行时间特征造成困难.通过对深圳市手机话单数据的挖掘分析识别居民职住地,得到居民特征通勤序列,进而基于早、晚不同情况对居民通勤特征进行描述和分析.对比分析显示,通过手机话单数据得到的居民通勤距离和时间特征与居民出行调查结果较为一致,说明该方法可用以描述居民通勤特征.研究表明,深圳市居民通勤开始时间受通勤距离影响不大,大于10 km的中长距离通勤出行对应的平均通勤时间维持在一个比较稳定的值(45~50 min).     

职住空间错位对城市居民通勤时间影响研究

城市职住空间错位的研究通常以测度就业可达性为基础,但传统测度方法在应 用到国内城市时具有明显的缺陷.本文提出一种改进的就业可达性测度方法,通过引入就 业机会权重系数,量化了城市就业机会分布不均的特征,并以此为指标分析了职住空间 错位对于居民通勤行为的影响程度.研究显示,南京市主城区就业可达性差异性明显,呈 现从中心向外围逐步递减的趋势,且递减程度愈发明显.同时就业可达性对于低收入者的 通勤时间影响显著,可达性的提高有利于降低通勤时间,但是由于低收入群体在出行方 式选择上的局限性,可达性的提高无法拓展他们的就业范围,必须从优化公共资源配置 的角度来消减弱势群体的就业障碍.     

公司交通政策的最佳实践——以比利时为例

公司是通勤交通的主要创造者,在与交通相关的讨论中,公司扮演着重要角色。近几年,公司提出了多种政策措施,以改善员工的出行条件,但其愿景与行动通常被研究文献所忽视。为了讨论比利时公司在交通政策方面的最佳实践,分析了现有研究成果和比利时的两次大规模通勤交通调查。首先,对公司进行分类,以便确定在推广替代交通方式方面受员工欢迎的公司。然后,通过量化分析确定交通政策的最佳实践。结果显示,最佳替代交通方式取决于公司特征;自行车交通最适合小型工作场所,大型工作场所和位于建筑密集区或市中心的公司则更适合推广公共交通;在公司交通管理中,财务激励、设施提供、信息传播和停车管理均起重要作用。     

基于多层模型的城市建成环境对通勤行为的影响

为研究城市建成环境对居民通勤行为的影响,考虑个体社会经济属性和交通小区建成环境属性的跨层次结构,建立多层模型,分别分析了个体社会经济属性层面和交通小区建成环境层面对通勤时间及通勤距离的影响,并利用长春市居民出行调查数据标定模型参数. 结果表明：多层模型比传统的回归模型拟合效果更好;控制个体社会经济属性特征后,土地利用混合度、交叉口密度及公共交通站点密度对居民通勤出行时间和距离的影响均呈现显著的负效应,而居民居住地到城市中心商务区(CBD)的距离仅对通勤距离有显著的正向影响.研究结果可为通过城市规划优化通勤结构提供理论支持.     

Workplace travel plans: can they be evaluated effectively by experts?

Employers are regularly involved in transport planning and characteristic workplace-oriented tools include: (1) travel plans for building projects, (2) mandatory travel plans, (3) subsidies to employers with an advanced travel plan and (4) best travel plan awards. In all cases, experts judge the level of car use. We argue that decision-makers might benefit from a multiple regression-based benchmark modelling tool that estimates the expected share of the car. In this paper, we estimate the share of car users in the commuting modal split at workplaces. However, since the amount of information available to experts differs, we gradually add information to the model to measure the impact of data availability. Without historic data on modal split, the current share can only be predicted moderately well, i.e. within a 20% range. Besides adding the past, results improve by using homogenous and regional subsamples. Nevertheless, quantitative analyses do not make expert knowledge obsolete.