Is the provision of park-and-ride facilities at light rail stations an effective approach to reducing vehicle kilometers traveled in a US context?

Park-and-Ride (PNR) facilities are a commonly used means of making a transit system more widely available. However, given that a PNR passenger must drive for part of the trip, this approach to transit provision has an ambiguous influence on vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT). The impact of PNR on VKT is highly dependent of how PNR users would choose to travel if the PNR facilities were not available. Given that this issue has received little attention in a US context, we use the light rail system in Charlotte, North Carolina as a case study to examine the potential impact of PNR removal on VKT. Using a travel survey of PNR passengers, we estimate the VKT currently generated while driving to and from the rail stations and then estimate how VKT would change under various PNR removal scenarios that assume different behavioral responses. We find that, under the most realistic scenarios, PNR removal would lead the average PNR passenger to increase her driving by 8–15 VKT per round trip.     

Optimization of bus allocation to depots by minimizing dead kilometers

In metropolitan cities, public transportation service plays a vital role in mobility of people, and it has to introduce new routes more frequently due to the fast development of the city in terms of population growth and city size. Whenever there is introduction of new route or increase in frequency of buses, the non‐revenue kilometers covered by the buses increases as depot and route starting/ending points are at different places. This non‐revenue kilometers or dead kilometers depends on the distance between depot and route starting point/ending point. The dead kilometers not only results in revenue loss but also results in an increase in the operating cost because of the extra kilometers covered by buses. Reduction of dead kilometers is necessary for the economic growth of the public transportation system. Therefore, in this study, the attention is focused on minimizing dead kilometers by optimizing allocation of buses to depots depending upon the shortest distance between depot and route starting/ending points. We consider also depot capacity and time period of operation during allocation of buses to ensure parking safety and proper maintenance of buses. Mathematical model is developed considering the aforementioned parameters, which is a mixed integer program, and applied to Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) routes operating presently in order to obtain optimal bus allocation to depots. Database for dead kilometers of depots in BMTC for all the schedules are generated using the Form‐4 (trip sheet) of each schedule to analyze depot‐wise and division‐wise dead kilometers. This study also suggests alternative locations where depots can be located to reduce dead kilometers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南京枢纽新建南京北动车所的必要性及整体布局方案研究

针对国内在新建高速铁路枢纽内,动车组配属及承担动车段(所)动车组检修工作量、检修设施规模的测算结果中表现出的不统一、不协调及不匹配等问题,本文以新建南京枢纽南京北动车所工程项目为依托,研究确定枢纽内动车组配属规模设计、承担动车段(所)动车组检修工作量及检修设施规模测算理论,提出了以全周转时间及日车公里法为指标的2种枢纽内动车组配属规模测算方法。研究表明：采用日车公里法测算,当枢纽内动车组平均日走行公里指标取常见经验计算值2 000 km时,在不考虑检修动车组数量前提下计算的运用动车组数量及备用动车组数量比全周转时间测算法计算结果偏大约41%,配属动车组数计算结果偏大约20%,动车组存车线数及检查库线数计算结果偏大约35%,计算枢纽内动车组配属、承担动车段(所)动车组检修工作量及检修设施规模测算裕量较为充足。     

Traveled distance,stock and fuel efficiency of private vehicles in Canada: price elasticities and rebound effect

This paper presents estimates of the rebound effect and other elasticities for the Canadian light-duty vehicle fleet using panel data at the provincial level from 1990 to 2004. We estimate a simultaneous three-equation model of aggregate demand for vehicle kilometers traveled, vehicle stock and fuel efficiency. Price and income elasticities obtained are broadly consistent with those reported in the literature. Among other results, an increase in the fuel price of 10% would reduce driving by ~2% in the long term and by 1% the average fuel consumption rate. Estimates of the short- and long-term rebound effects are ~8 and 20%, respectively. We also find that an increase in the gross domestic product per capita of 10% would cause an increase in driving distance of 2–3% and an increase of up to 4% in vehicle stock per adult. In terms of policy implications, our results suggest that: (1) the effectiveness of new fuel efficiency standards will be somewhat mitigated by the rebound effect and (2) fuel price increases have limited impacts on gasoline demand.

基于光纤光栅传感技术的深井井壁结构监测

研究目的:井筒的安全是煤矿安全运营和高效生产的前提。实时掌握井壁结构受力状态,防止井壁突然性破坏造成重大损失,井筒的长期安全监测就显得尤为重要。在大涌水和复杂电磁环境条件下,光纤光栅传感器可靠性和稳定性好,通过采用光纤光栅传感技术对千米深立井井壁结构的长期监测,可以掌握深大涌水井筒的受力变化规律,为评价井筒的安全状况提供依据。研究结论:采用光纤光栅传感器对千米深立井井壁结构进行了一个完整周期的监测,得到了井筒表土段和基岩段井壁温度和应变变化规律。6月至10月间由温度引起的温度应变达到最大值,井筒更容易在夏季发生破裂灾害;光纤光栅传感技术在大淋水条件下深立井井壁结构监测中的应用,为井壁变形监测提供了一种新的、稳定可靠的技术方案,对复杂地层条件下井壁长期监测技术革新产生重要的推动作用,对于其他复杂地层中岩土工程监测具有重要的指导意义。     

营运货车“零公里”团购加油可行性分析

文章从营运车辆"零公里"团购加油可行性分析出发,从政策上、技术上等几个方面对在货运站场实行营运货车"零公里"团购加油的可行性进行了充分的阐述和分析,提出了营运货车"零公里"团购加油站点的最小经济规模确定方法和对应的货运站场规模的确定方法,为实施营运货车"零公里"团购加油模式奠定了理论及实践基础。     

国产干线内燃机车"一中一大"修制改革的可行性探索

为贯彻铁道部国产干线内燃机车“一大一中”修制改革的顺利进行 ,南昌机务段率先积极采取有效措施 ,实现DF4D、DF11型新造机车延长公里中修的尝试。现较全面介绍延长公里中修机车的拆检情况和运行质量分析 ,拆检结果表明主要零部件 ,如柴油机、走行部、电机、电器等都在机车中修限值以内。运用情况的总结分析表明 ,机车运行质量状况比较稳定 ,机破、临修率的绝对值指标处于较低水平。最后对添加应用金属改性修复液的运用试验情况作了有益的探索。     

城市轨道交通PPP车公里付费模式研究

城市轨道交通建设成本高、投资需求大、公益性强,运营维护需要不断的资金保障,而由政府主导的传统资金筹措模式显然已不能适应城市轨道交通可持续发展要求的背景下,论述PPP融资方式的优势。通过3种PPP付费模式的比较,阐明可行性缺口补助可作为城市轨道交通最佳付费模式的根据。提出可行性缺口补助模式中最新"车公里"付费模式的计算方法,详述其关键参数的涵义及获取方法。在前提和边界条件一致的情况下,分别计算影子票价、车公里、财政部财金[2015]21号文3种可行性缺口补助模式下的政府补贴额,对比分析3种方法各自的优缺点,为各地政府选择合理的可行性缺口补助支付方式提供借鉴。     

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车辆年平均行驶里程（AVKT）是交通和环保领域研究工作的基础,其主要影响因素包括车辆种类、区域交通运输能力和车辆的技术状况等。由于目前的技术条件下难以得到AVKT的真实值, AVKT只能根据其他信息估测获得。在分析AVKT影响因素的基础上,提出一种利用小样本数据计算AVKT的算法。该算法根据车辆种类、上牌日期、累积里程和保有量等数据建立计算公式,提出了由累积里程计算里程分布这一关键过程的计算方法。研究表明,车辆的种类分布、车龄分布、里程分布和累积里程决定了AVKT的多少。该算法综合多种影响因素,适合多种分类标准,具有较好的适用性,并通过实例应用证明该算法的可行性。