Effect of seaweed proliferation on benthic habitat quality assessed by Sediment Profile Imaging

Changes in sediment quality, with special reference to benthic habitat conditions resulting from macroalgae overgrowth, were studied in the Venice Lagoon, Italy. Data were collected biweekly in spring and summer from 1993 to 1998 and from 2001 to 2002, as part of the macroalgae growth control strategies managed by the Venice Water Authority-Consorzio Venezia Nuova. Benthic habitat conditions were studied by means of Sediment Profile Imaging, which allowed the collection of several variables: aRPD (apparent redox potential discontinuity), prism penetration depth, presence of anoxia on the surface of the sediment, presence of reduced gas bubbles, stage of benthic colonization. All these variables led to the calculation of an environmental index (Organism–Sediment Index, OSI), which was then related to physical variables and macroalgae abundance. Until 1996, the overall benthic habitat of the Venice Lagoon showed almost stressed conditions; from 1997, the seaweed biomass rapidly declined and the OSI increased significantly. The OSI seemed to be affected by seaweed biomass, sediment compactness and water depth. Macroalgae biomass greater than 4.5 kg/m² led to the complete disappearance of stage III of benthic colonization; values as low as 0.70 kg m² already had a severe impact on recolonization. SPI attributes indicated the main mechanisms that could have contributed to the benthic quality: seaweed proliferation is often followed by rapid decay of macroalgae biomass, especially when present in large amounts. The decrease in seaweed biomass often results in oxygen depletion in the water column and thus in the sediment, preventing complete benthic colonization. This research confirms the importance of in situ rapid reconnaissance surveys to assess the impact of eutrophication on the benthic habitat.     

新型码头钢-混凝土组合面板

基于特殊需要,提出了带型钢加劲肋的钢板-混凝土组合板这一新型组合码头面板。以加劲肋形式、组合板厚度和栓钉布置为参数,进行了9块组合板的力学性能试验。试验结果表明,通过适当地选择型钢加劲肋形式、合理地布置栓钉和确定混凝土厚度,可以保证组合作用的发挥。组合板的正截面承载力可按基于修正平截面假定的极限状态计算;组合板的变形,可在按现行钢结构设计规范计算的基础上,加上考虑界面滑移影响的附加变形值予以修正。计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

清水冲刷河床调整过程试验研究

通过沙质河床清水冲刷水槽试验,对河床纵剖面的调整、沙波尺度、粗化层厚度及其与沙波运动关系、粗化层级配、推移质级配等进行了观测分析,进一步揭示了清水冲刷,河床重建平衡的机理。水槽试验表明,沙质河床清水冲刷,上游河段比降调平,床沙粗化,沙波发育,河床阻力增大,水深增大,流速减小,导致河床供沙能力削弱,输沙能力降低,冲刷向不冲刷转化。     

B_0-B_0机车转向架直线运行横向轮/轨力和蛇行稳定性的理论研究(上)

本文根据轮/轨蠕滑理论提供了计算和分析B_0—B_0机车转向架直线运行横向轮/轨力的方法,并以SS4型电力机车作为验证实例,理论计算和实际测试的结果相接近。作者采用这种方法对轮/轨力进行可靠的分析,旨在论证我国现有电力机车转向架蛇行稳定性所要求的最佳轮对定位刚度。本文论证结果符合于作者在文献[1]中提出的轮对定位新方案,它可适用于最大运行速度为100km/h的现有SS型电力机车。     

Ground truthing sediment profile imagery with traditional benthic survey data along an established disturbance gradient

Macrobenthic surveys are an expensive, slow and labour intensive means to establish the health of benthic communities. Sediment profile imagery (SPI) is a means of rapid reconnaissance for monitoring large areas of the benthos. SPI has often been used to monitor gross anthropogenic disturbance. The aim of this study is to determine if SPI can be used as a tool to reliably map change in communities along natural estuarine gradients. Macrobenthic sampling was carried out at five stations along an established estuarine gradient. This faunal data was analysed using standard multivariate techniques and to ground truth a concurrent SPI survey. Faunal analysis showed that habitat quality in Inner Galway Bay was generally good, with some localised disturbance from the River Corrib and the sewage out flow exterior to the city dock. Four distinct groups were identified with a degree of overlap occurring between stations 3 and 4. While existing SPI indices mapped habitat quality in the same manner as the faunal data for end member stations, the level of distinction between the habitats of an intermediate staging was found to be poor. This lack of distinction amongst the stage 2 and 3 stations was overcome by developing a tailored index, the Galway Bay index of habitat quality (GBHQ). This index was derived from the 5 observed variables in the SPI data that were determined to best match the faunal distribution by permutative mantel testing. The 5 observed variables from the SPI data were the depth of the apparent redox potential discontinuity (aRPD), the depth of penetration by the prism, and the presence/absence of infauna, surface faecal pellet layer and biogenic mounding. The GBHQ was able to distinguish between the 5 stations to a greater extent than previously described indices, showing clearly the separate groupings defined by the faunal data. The index was tested on a follow up SPI survey and shown to be applicable in mapping a broader range of habitats in Galway Bay. Indices generated for localised mapping of estuarine gradients should be derived from observed features and be ground truthed using faunal data. Some aspects of the GBHQ should be generally applicable to fine grained boreal estuarine sediments (aRPD/penetration), while others may be of limited utility in other locations depending on the digging characteristics of the particular SPI camera, and local factors influencing the persistence of biogenic features in the profile. This derivation technique provides a simple way to optimise SPI to particular studies and localities.     

双块式轨枕挡肩裂纹原因分析及控制

挡肩裂纹是双块式轨枕预制的一项严重质量问题,将直接导致轨枕报废,若控制不到位,将给企业造成严重经济损失。以新建贵阳至广州铁路广宁轨枕预制场双块式轨枕施工为例,从脱模机构、混凝土配合比、混凝土养护等方面分析了挡肩裂纹出现的原因,并制定出针对性措施,为以后双块式轨枕的质量控制提供参考和借鉴。     

高速铁路钢轨打磨关键技术研究

根据我国高速铁路上运行车辆的车轮型面设计钢轨的预打磨轨头廓面.按照该预打磨轨头廓面对钢轨进行预打磨,可有效改善轮轨的接触状态.给出了适用于不同车轮型面的钢轨预打磨深度理论设计值以及适用于LMA和S1002G车轮型面的钢轨预打磨轨头廓面.关于预打磨后的实际轨头廓面与预打磨设计廓面的误差,在轨距角部位应控制在-0.1～0.3 mm范围内.建议我国高速铁路的钢轨打磨周期为每30～50 Mt通过总重打磨1次,对于无砟轨道取上限,有砟轨道取下限;关于60kg·m-1钢轨的预打磨深度,在轨距角部位应达到0.8～1.5 mm,在主要轮轨接触部位应大于0.3 mm;钢轨打磨后的表面粗糙度应小于10μm;采用48磨头打磨车时应打磨3～4遍,采用96磨头打磨车时应打磨2遍.     

高速铁路轮轨硬度匹配研究及方向探讨

针对我国高速铁路轮轨关系中钢轨磨耗小、车轮存在凹磨和多边形磨耗、车轮镟修周期短和维护成本高等问题,从轮轨硬度匹配角度,开展轮轨材质硬度摩擦磨损小比例试验、现场轮轨磨损规律测试试验、轮轨磨耗仿真计算等研究,对轮轨硬度匹配指标和方案进行探讨。研究结果表明,轮轨硬度比控制在1.00∶1.00以上,可有效减小车轮磨耗;提高车轮硬度,可抑制和减缓多边形磨耗的产生。建议适当提高我国应用车轮的硬度,推广我国自主研发的强韧性兼备高硬度车轮,延长车轮镟修周期,节约养护维修成本。     

我国高速铁路道岔尖轨廓形研究

对我国高速铁路道岔区钢轨运营现状进行总结分析,得出2种道岔区典型尖轨廓形。建立轮轨接触和动力学模型,分析尖轨廓形对应力分布特征和动力学性能的影响规律。分析结果表明:尖轨轨肩较低时将导致接触区域集中分布于非工作边侧,形成较高的应力水平,大幅增加产生接触伤损的风险,而采用设计廓形的尖轨应力水平较低,接触区域分布合理。尖轨廓形对道岔区动力学性能的影响较小,道岔区基本轨采用60N廓形可在一定程度上改善道岔区动力学性能。建议高速铁路道岔区尖轨、心轨机加工段廓形仍沿用现有尺寸参数,轨件非加工段采用60N廓形。     

LM磨耗形踏面轮对全廓形等级镟修的实现方法

介绍广州地铁直线电机车辆(L型车)轮对廓形镟修的现状,阐述了实现轮对全廓形等级镟修的重要意义。通过绘制廓形曲线,编制镟修程序,加工廓形检验模板,试验修正程序等工作实现了L型车的全廓形等级镟修功能。该研究推广后为广州地铁带来较大的经济效益,所介绍的方法及数据对同类研究具有借鉴意义。