车用直喷式柴油机排气微粒与消光式烟度的关系

通过测量两台典型车用柴油机48个工况下的微粒排放与消光式烟度，得出了排气微粒、微粒干组份以及微粒的可溶组份与消光式烟度之间的关系，并回归成经验公式。     

粉尘及其危害

全面论述了粉尘颗粒的种类，来源，及其对大气环境，植物，人类生活产生的危害，粉尘颗粒按粒径大小一般可分为降尘，总悬浮颗粒物，飘尘，气深胶是大气污染中的主要物质，它导致太阳国辐射量的减弱，大气污染烟、雾的形成，酸雨的出现及大气能见度的降低。     

西安市大气悬浮颗粒物致突变性及其金属特征

目的　了解西安市采暖期和非采暖期的大气总悬浮颗粒物 (TSP)浓度、有机提取物的致突变性及无机提取物中Pb、Mn、Cr、Ni、Cd等金属元素特征。方法　根据西安市城市功能分区 ,用网格式布点法选择了 4个大气质量监测点 ,于采暖期和非采暖期共采集大气悬浮颗粒物样品 96份 ,分别采用增重法、Ames试验—平板掺入法和火焰原子吸收法 ,对样品中大气TSP浓度、有机提取物的致突变性及无机提取物中Pb、Mn、Cr、Ni、Cd等金属元素含量进行测定。结果　西安市采暖期大气TSP浓度为 0 .5 865mg·m-3,非采暖期为 0 .3 5 3 5mg·m-3(P <0 .0 5 ) ,且两期TSP浓度均显著高于其各自对照区 (P <0 .0 5 )。各采样点TSP的有机提取物致突变性检测结果显示各功能区均可检出致突变阳性样品 ,同一季节各监测点致突变阳性检出率无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但采暖期致突变阳性检出率显著高于非采暖期 (P <0 .0 5 )。各采样点TSP无机提取物中 5种金属元素浓度由高到低依次为Pb、Mn、Cr、Ni、Cd。采暖期各金属元素浓度显著高于非采暖期 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　西安市大气TSP水平与采暖燃煤关系密切 ,燃煤可能是造成西安市大气TSP致突变性增强的主要原因之一     

Operating cost based cruise speed reduction for ground delay programs: Effect of scope length

Ground delay programs typically involve the delaying of aircraft that are departing from origin airports within some set distance of a capacity constrained destination airport. Long haul flights are not delayed in this way. A trade-off exists when fixing the distance parameter: increasing the ‘scope’ distributes delay among more aircraft and may reduce airborne holding delay but could also result in unnecessary delay in the (frequently observed) case of early program cancellation. In order to overcome part of this drawback, a fuel based cruise speed reduction strategy aimed at realizing airborne delay, was suggested by the authors in previous publications. By flying slower, at a specific speed, aircraft that are airborne can recover part of their initially assigned delay without incurring extra fuel consumption if the ground delay program is canceled before planned. In this paper, the effect of the scope of the program is assessed when applying this strategy. A case study is presented by analyzing all the ground delay programs that took place at San Francisco, Newark Liberty and Chicago O’Hare International airports during one year. Results show that by the introduction of this technique it is possible to define larger scopes, partially reducing the amount of unrecovered delay.     

刚性散粒体随机堆积的三维数值模拟

在边长(a)分别为球半径(r)15、20和25倍的刚性立方体盒内,随机生成单一球体堆积模型的基础上,利用三维离散单元法(DEM)动态模拟堆积体自重作用下的堆积过程。追踪了颗粒的堆积运动轨迹,并分析了堆积密实度和配位数及其分布规律。结果表明:重力作用下,密实度增加,结构趋于均匀、致密;DEM模拟前、后密实度均随r/a值减小而增加,即边界影响越小散粒体堆积密实度越大;几种情形下的平均配位数均在6.05~6.15之间,接近理论值6。     

车用直喷柴油机稳定工况下排气微粒与烟度的关系

本文通过测量一台车用直喷柴油机５０个工况下的微粒排放和烟度，得出了排气微粒及其干组份与滤纸烟度之间的关系以及微粒的可溶组份与排气中气排气中气态总碳氢 之间的关系，并且回归成经验公式 。     

车用柴油机变工况下排气微粒的测量

研制了一种在发动机台架上进行柴油机变工况下排气微粒测量的测试系统。该系统主要由普通测功机和微粒稀释取样袋等组成。用此系统可进行柴油机恒转速扭矩、恒扭矩变转速和转速与扭矩成比例变化等模式变工况的微粒测量。试验结果表明柴油机在不同变工况模式下的微粒和有各自不同的变化规律。     

Hydrography, currents and distribution of suspended matter during a dumping experiment in the western Baltic Sea at a site near Warnemünde

During a dumping experiment on 20/21 June 2001, an extensive data record was collected to understand the dynamical processes in the water column of the investigation area and to validate model results. Weak westerly winds with strongly changing cloud coverage characterized the meteorological situation. During the second day the wind calmed down and moved shortly to easterly directions. The water column was characterized by a strong vertical stratification with discontinuity layers in temperature and salinity in 12 and 16 m. The current regime was dominated by outflow at the water surface and inflow along the German coast, with strong current shearing in the dumping area. The suspended matter clouds could be identified by optical methods and ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) scattering intensity. During the experiment the suspended matter plumes were only visible at the surface up to 1 h after the dumping. The aerial photographs document that the particle clouds at the surface drifted to the west and, after approximately 40 min, they were only weakly visible. The fine material was concentrated in the discontinuity layer leading to substantially higher values of optical parameters and suspended matter concentration than measured in the surface clouds. Due to the vertical current shears the material was transported in the water column in different directions. At the first day the maximum of the suspended matter in the discontinuity layer was in the north-western corner and in the bottom layer in the northeast corner of the dumping area. Strong wind conditions after the dumping led to periodical resuspension processes.     

On particulate emissions from moving trains in a tunnel environment

Increasing attention is being paid to airborne particles in railway environments because of their potential to adversely affect health. In this study, we investigate the contribution of moving trains to both the concentration and size distribution of particles in tunnel environments. Real-time measurements were taken with high time-resolution instruments at a railway station platform in a tunnel in Stockholm in January 2013. The results show that individual trains stopping and starting at the platform substantially elevate the particulate concentrations with a mobility diameter greater than 100 nm. Two size modes of the particulate number concentrations were obtained. A mode of around 170 nm occurs when a train moves, while the other mode peaks at about 30 nm when there is no train in the station. By using principal component analysis (PCA), three contributing sources were identified on the basis of the classification of the sizes of the particles, namely railway-related mechanical wear, suspension due to the movement of trains and sparking of electric-powered components. It is concluded that the particulate matter released by individual moving trains is a key contributor to fine particles (100–500 nm) on the railway platform in a tunnel.     

电子全站仪机载雷达标校系统研究与开发

针对机载雷达标校问题,研究基于电子全站仪的三维坐标测量数据采集技术,开发了一套适合机载雷达方位角和俯仰角的精确标校系统,该系统具有设备简单,安装便捷,容易操作,精度高等优点。测试结果表明该机载雷达标校系统完全满足实际应用的技术要求。