多模式交通环境下上海居民职住选择行为

随着城市尺度不断扩张,由职住分离带来的长距离、长时间通勤交通问题日益严重。为研究多模式交通环境上海居民职住位置选择行为及其影响因素,基于网络问卷调查数据、上海市路网数据及房价数据,构建方式选择与目的地选择联合模型,按照选择次序,分析各出行方式的服务水平和房价等变量对居住地和工作地的选择影响。结果表明,居民倾向于选择通勤距离近、交通可达性良好、房价低和人文生活环境较好的小区工作生活,同时年长者和低收入群体对通勤距离和房价更敏感。     

Flying with climate liability? Economic valuation of voluntary carbon offsets using forced choices

This study aims to examine how key aspects of voluntary climate action influence economic values of aviation carbon offsets using an Australian case study, where voluntary carbon offset programs for the aviation sector were active under a carbon tax between July 01, 2012 and July 17, 2014. An online survey was administered during the period using choice experiments. This rare and short-lived Australian experience is useful to gain insights into how individuals respond to the new public policy in terms of the perceived economic value of voluntary offsets for air travel. According to the estimation results, supporters of the mandatory tax policy held a welfare value of voluntary carbon offsets for their domestic flights that is three times larger than non-supporters (i.e., $AU27.83 vs. $AU9.40). It is $AU12.27 on average per ton of carbon offsets per person for domestic flights and $AU0.92 for international long-haul flights. The findings endorse that individuals seem to attach personal responsibility for carbon emissions (i.e. climate liability or carbon conscience) to frequent domestic flights, but not so much to intercontinental flights. Furthermore, reported flight frequencies by respondents did not place any significant impact on economic values of voluntary carbon offsets in both domestic and international frameworks. A coupled approach between forced choices and certainty responses was adapted, where no-choice options were retrieved, potentially improving choice experiments. Results suggest that airlines should consider simplifying their carbon offset programs to fixed levels (e.g. £3, £10, and £20 as in the case of British Airways), regardless of geographical boundaries, while governments should promote both mandatory and voluntary climate measures in tandem.     

Fast-charging station choice behavior among battery electric vehicle users

This study explores how battery electric vehicle users choose where to fast-charge their vehicles from a set of charging stations, as well as the distance by which they are generally willing to detour for fast-charging. The focus is on fast-charging events during trips that include just one fast-charge between origin and destination in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Mixed logit models with and without a threshold effect for detour distance are applied to panel data extracted from a two-year field trial on battery electric vehicle usage in Japan. Findings from the mixed logit model with threshold show that private users are generally willing to detour up to about 1750 m on working days and 750 m on non-working days, while the distance is 500 m for commercial users on both working and non-working days. Users in general prefer to charge at stations requiring a shorter detour and use chargers located at gas stations, and are significantly affected by the remaining charge. Commercial users prefer to charge at stations encountered earlier along their paths, while only private users traveling on working days show such preference and they turn to prefer the stations encountered later when choosing a station in peak hours. Only private users traveling on working days show a strong preference for free charging. Commercial users tend to pay for charging at a station within 500 m detour distance. The fast charging station choice behavior is heterogeneous among users. These findings provide a basis for early planning of a public fast charging infrastructure.     

山区高速公路驾驶人加减速行为建模

山区地形地质条件复杂,各类复杂的组合线形设计更为常见,例如直线与平曲线间组合或不同平曲线间组合。驾驶人在相邻组合路段行驶时会感知到线形的变化,引起驾驶行为的改变,最终车辆的纵向加速度也会随之改变。频繁的加减速行为会引起驾驶人不适,甚至形成安全隐患。目前针对相邻组合路段驾驶行为的研究中,关于加速度的研究主要基于路段特殊点进行计算。随着驾驶模拟技术的发展,高仿真驾驶模拟器为高速公路的设计评估提供了更好的数据及试验条件支撑。在高仿真驾驶模拟器中,基于湖南省永吉高速公路道路设计参数及周边地形环境参数,构建山区高速公路的三维虚拟模型,以山区高速公路中的相邻组合路段为研究对象,获取山区高速公路组合线形路段的车辆纵向加速度数据,提取加减速事件后,基于驾驶人的加减速行为,采用混合Logit模型,分别判定道路线形层和驾驶人层的影响,研究组合线形对驾驶人纵向加减速选择的具体影响变量以及变量的影响范围。研究结果表明：下游路段最大曲率、上游路段圆曲线段比例、下游路段变坡点数量、下游路段曲线数量、上游路段平均曲率和当前位置曲率等对驾驶人加减速行为有显著影响;通过对比混合Logit模型和多元Logit模型,指出驾驶人层面对模型结果的影响显著。研究结果提供了一种山区高速公路连续纵向加减速行为的建模方案,并可为研究驾驶人在复杂线形条件下的纵向加速度选择行为提供基础。     

Consumer preferences for battery electric vehicles: A choice experimental survey in China

To accelerate the diffusion of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), consumer preferences for different products and policy attributes must be determined. Although previous studies have investigated consumer preferences for some product attributes, including purchase price, operation cost, driving range, and charging time, limited studies have discussed the broader aspects of product attributes, such as battery warranty and depreciation rate. Moreover, market-oriented incentives, including the personal carbon trading (PCT) scheme and the tradable driving credits (TDC) scheme, can theoretically be effective alternatives to expensive purchase subsidies. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence that confirms the influence of these two schemes on BEV adoption. To fill these gaps, we conducted a stated preference choice experimental survey in China and investigated the effect of product attributes, existing policy incentives, and two emerging market-oriented incentives on BEV adoption. Our results reveal that along with the main product attributes, battery warranty has a significant positive effect on inducing mainstream consumers to adopt BEVs while no preference difference occurs among existing policy incentives after purchase subsidies are abolished. For young consumers, almost all incentives that reduce the operation cost (e.g., PCT) or increase convenience (e.g., TDC) can increase their adoption of BEVs. These findings can provide important implications for the government with regard to designing novel incentives and promoting BEV adoption.     

均匀流中螺旋桨无空泡噪声数值预报方法验证分析

为了分析敞水螺旋桨噪声性能,以某一螺旋桨为研究对象,采用大涡模拟方法对其敞水水动力性能进行计算,所得结果与试验值误差较小;然后运用基于无限元方法的声学软件Actran对螺旋桨的无空泡噪声进行数值模拟,并对特征点频谱曲线、螺旋桨声压云图、声指向性与衰减特性进行分析,得到单极子噪声特性-径向声压级高于轴向声压级,并且随着距桨中心距离的增大,声压级衰减速度减小,径向与轴向声压级差距缩小;验证数值预报方法的有效性,为船桨一体噪声数值模拟提供参考.     

Egg production and associated losses of carbon, nitrogen and fatty acids from maternal biomass in Calanus finmarchicus before the spring bloom

We present concurrent data on ingestion, egg production and the loss of maternal biomass in pre-spring bloom female Calanus finmarchicus incubated under conditions representative of those in situ in the North Atlantic. A balanced metabolic budget was constructed and used to examine the relative importance of ingestion and biomass for fuelling egg production during the incubations. Ingested carbon was not sufficient to meet the observed demands for egg production. More than 80% of the carbon utilised by the females was instead derived from their biomass. Fatty acid analysis demonstrated that the storage reserves, 20:1 (n−9) and 22:1 (n−11), were virtually absent before experimentation began, and therefore could not have been used to supply the carbon required for egg production during the incubations. The C:N mass-specific ratio of the biomass utilised was 4.1, suggesting that the females had instead catabolised protein in order to meet their metabolic demands. These results suggest that C. finmarchicus adopts a sacrificial reproductive strategy when food availability is low.     

弯道抛石护岸水流特征及水毁试验研究

平顺抛石护岸在长江中下游应用最为广泛,能够增强堤岸的抗洪能力,保障中下游广大平原地区和沿江各大中城市的防洪安全。然而,护岸块石常常发生滑落导致护岸破坏。为了解其破坏机理,进行了不同岸坡坡度、不同块石粒径及大小、不同流速等条件下的水槽试验,从块石受力、弯道水流特征、块石位移特征及坍塌特征等方面研究了抛石护岸的水毁,提出了抛石护岸破坏程度的判别指标并给出需要维护的时间点的建议。     

成桥静动载试验及分析

对某大桥进行了成桥静力和动力荷载试验及分析,通过现场静动力荷载试验,测得其各种力学指标和性能指标,并与理论计算的结果及相应规范的要求进行比较,从而对桥梁的整体性能和结构安全做出评价,以确保桥梁的主体结构处于完好的技术状态和良好的使用状态,保证桥梁投入使用后的安全运营。在对现场测试结果及理论分析结果进行综合分析、比较的基础上,对其进行总体评价,保证该桥长期稳定运营。进行的试验及分析对同类桥型具有借鉴意义。     

基于正交试验设计的模块式加筋土挡墙墙面板与筋带之间摩擦性质研究

运用正交试验设计方法,设计了模块式加筋挡土墙墙面板与筋带之间摩擦的室内足尺试验,研究竖向压应力(A)、筋带品种(B)、墙面板与筋带的砌筑方式(C)3个因素在不同水平下在峰值强度和S=19 mm时,对墙面板与筋带之间的摩擦系数的影响。通过正交试验,确定了3种因素对摩擦系数的影响顺序、各因素的显著性水平及墙面板与筋带之间连接方式的最优方案。