大洋航线气候区划

根据大洋航线的气候特征，尤其是用风、雾、浪、流的时空分布进行分区，把各大洋航线划分为极地航区、温带航区、副热带航区、信风航区、赤道航区，每个航区又划分出若干亚区，对远洋航行航线选择，实现安全经济航行是十分重要的。     

石垣港换单简介及操船

由于中、日、韩航线及海峡两岸的航运市场不断发展,为了船舶的安全及经济效益,到我国台湾地区的船舶缩短在石垣港的换单时间及操船,关系到船舶的安全营运,抓好这一环节十分重要。     

县公路工程设计变更产生及控制

通过对县公路工程设计变更产生的原因分析，提出控制工程设计变更的措施。     

时速350km动车组过隧道气动效应分析

采用数值模拟计算的方法,对时速350 km动车组通过70 m2单线隧道和100 m2双线隧道的压力变化进行研究.研究结果表明:单列车通过单、双线隧道时,除曲率变化较大的头、尾部位置不同测点压力变化差别较大外,列车中部不同位置测点压力变化基本相同,隧道入口前20 m,隧道壁面压力变化幅值随测点距隧道口距离的增加而迅速增大,20 m后增加变缓,在200 m左右达到最大;单线隧道内,各截面上压力变化幅值最大相差不超过3％,三维效应不明显,双线隧道内,隧道口处的三维效应比较明显,隧道中部三维效应减弱,在隧道入口6 m和隧道中部250 m位置,不同测点压力变化幅值最大分别相差82.8％和11.3％.     

铁路隔震连续梁桥地震碰撞响应研究

在地震作用下隔震桥梁的梁体位移比非隔震桥梁明显增加,使得相邻梁发生碰撞的概率增大。以1联3跨铁路隔震连续梁桥为例,选用3条人工地震波,采用非线性时程分析方法进行该桥的碰撞响应分析,研究梁间伸缩缝宽度和隔震支座刚度对梁间碰撞响应的影响。结果表明:随着伸缩缝宽度的增大和隔震支座刚度的增大,相邻梁碰撞的发生次数和碰撞力均有明显减小;地震作用下隔震固定墩墩底最大弯矩和最大剪力均随着隔震支座刚度的增加而增加。因此,在进行隔震桥梁设计时,应综合考虑隔震支座的隔震效果和碰撞响应,从而得到既经济又安全的隔震桥梁设计参数。     

裂纹损伤对典型船体结构振动频率的影响规律研究

为研究裂纹损伤对典型船体结构振动特性的影响,选择加筋板作为典型船体结构,选择穿透性裂纹作为典型损伤形式。首先利用数值仿真和模型试验对带有裂纹的结构模型固有频率计算方法进行了研究,在此基础上针对边裂纹和中间裂纹2种形式进行了大量的仿真计算,得到模型各阶固有频率、频率变化率随裂纹位置和长度变化的规律。研究结果表明,结构各阶固有频率以及频率变化率对裂纹较为敏感,可以作为裂纹识别的特征参数。同时,试验和仿真计算结果数据也可以为裂纹损伤识别研究提供训练样本和验证样本。     

崩塌滑坡堵江堰塞湖灾害链铁路减灾选线策略

青藏高原南缘是崩塌滑坡堵江形成堰塞湖灾害链的高风险区,而我国铁路缺乏应对堰塞湖灾害的经验。铁路灾后改建工程线路优化设计将产生直接减灾效益,而新建铁路在选线阶段就采取一些主动减灾策略,也是风险调控的重要手段。为此,以中巴经济走廊中拟建哈维连至喀什铁路Attabad堰塞湖段为研究对象,根据堰塞湖灾害特点,通过将改建工程分段设计,并对不同改建线路方案进行技术经济指标比较,完成该段改建线路设计。基于上述工作,提出以有利地形控制溢流口开挖深度、宜尽量利用既有工程、在离开湖区后集中展线尽快与既有线联接、有条件时可提高限制坡度等灾后绕湖铁路选线设计要点与高位选线、酌情预留提高限坡措施的条件、尽量不跨河等新建铁路减灾选线设计策略,希望为铁路应对崩塌滑坡堵江堰塞湖灾害链提供参考。     

Changes in fuel economy: An analysis of the Spanish car market

This paper estimates the role that technological change and car characteristics have played in the rate of fuel consumption of vehicles over time. Using data from the Spanish car market from 1988 to 2013, we estimate a reduced form equation that relates fuel consumption with a set of car characteristics. The results for the sales-weighted sample of vehicles show that energy efficiency would have improved by 30% and 42% for petrol and diesel cars respectively had car characteristics been held constant at 1988 values. However, the shift to bigger and more fuel-consuming cars reduced the gains from technological progress. Additionally, using the results of the fuel equation we show that, besides a natural growth rate of 1.1%, technological progress is affected by both the international price of oil and the adoption of mandatory emission standards. Moreover, according to our estimations, a 1% growth in GDP would modify car characteristics in such a way that fuel consumption would increase by around 0.23% for petrol cars and 0.35% for diesel cars.     

Through the storm: Transit agency management in response to climate change

The increase in extreme weather events due to climate change poses serious challenges to public transit systems. These events disrupt transit operations, impair service quality, increase threats to public safety, and damage infrastructure. Despite the growing risk of extreme weather and climate change, little is known about how public managers recognize, experience and address these risks. Using data from a national study of public transit agencies we investigate the types of extreme weather events transit agencies are experiencing, the associated risks, and how agencies are preparing for them. We find that while extreme events are commonly experienced by transit agencies across states and transit managers perceive increased risks from these events, most agencies rely on the traditional emergency management approach to address extreme weather ex post rather than taking a proactive approach to mitigating the adverse weather impact on transit assets and infrastructure ex ante. Managers report that a lack of access to financial resources is the greatest challenge for undertaking adaptation and preparation. We conclude with a discussion of what these findings mean for understanding organizational adaptation behavior as well as climate adaptation policy making.     

Green walking networks for climate change adaptation

Climate change (CC) potentially affects people travel behaviour, due to extreme weather conditions. This is particularly true for pedestrians, that are more exposed to weather conditions. Introducing the effect of this change in transport modelling allows to analyse and plan walking networks taking into consideration the climatic variable. The aim of this work is to develop a tool that can support planning and design of walking networks, by assessing the effects of actions oriented to increase resilience with respect to extreme weather conditions (CC adaptation).An integrated approach is used, thus combining transport and land-use planning concepts with elements of outdoor thermal comfort and network accessibility. Walking networks are analysed through centrality indexes, including thermal comfort aspects into a general cost function of links and weighted nodes. The method has been applied to the walking network inside the Campus of the University of Catania (Italy), which includes different functions and where pedestrian paths are barely used by people. Results confirm that this tool is sensitive to the variables representing weather conditions and it can measure the influence of CC adaptation measures (e.g. vegetation) on walking attitude and on the performance of the walking network.