Policy packages for modal shift and CO2 reduction in Lille,France

This paper proposes different policy scenarios to cut CO₂ emissions caused by the urban mobility of passengers. More precisely, we compare the effects of the ‘direct tool’ of carbon tax, to a combination of ‘indirect tools’ – not originally aimed at reducing CO₂ (i.e. congestion charging, parking charges and a reduction in public transport travel time) in terms of CO₂ impacts through a change in the modal split. In our model, modal choices depend on individual characteristics, trip features (including the effects of policy tools), and land use at origin and destination zones. Personal “CO₂ emissions budgets” resulting from the trips observed in the metropolitan area of Lille (France) in 2006 are calculated and compared to the situation related to the different policy scenarios. We find that an increase of 50% in parking charges combined with a cordon toll of €1.20 and a 10% travel time decrease in public transport services (made after recycling toll-revenues) is the winning scenario. The combined effects of all the policy scenarios are superior to their separate effects.     

Traffic and emissions impact of congestion charging in the central Beijing urban area: A simulation analysis

Congestion charging is being considered as a potential measure to address the issue of substantially increased traffic congestion and vehicle emissions in Beijing. This study assessed the impact of congestion charging on traffic and emissions in Beijing using macroscopic traffic simulation and vehicle emissions calculation. Multiple testing scenarios were developed with assumptions in different charging zone sizes, public transit service levels and charging methods. Our analysis results showed that congestion charging in Beijing may increase public transit use by approximately 13%, potentially reduce CO and HC emissions by 60–70%, and reduce NOx emissions by 35–45% within the charging zone. However, congestion charging may also result in increased travel activities and emissions outside of the charging zone and a slight increase in emissions for the entire urban area. The size of charging zone, charging method, and charging rate are key factors that directly influence the impact of congestion charging; improved public transit service needs to be considered as a complementary approach with congestion charging. This study is used by Beijing Transportation Environment and Energy Center (BTEC) as reference to support the development of Beijing’s congestion charging policy and regulation.     

Including congestion effects in urban road traffic CO2 emissions modelling: Do Local Government Authorities have the right options?

Tailpipe emissions from vehicles on urban road networks have damaging impacts, with the problem exacerbated by the common occurrence of congestion. This article focuses on carbon dioxide because it is the largest constituent of road traffic greenhouse gas emissions. Local Government Authorities (LGAs) are typically responsible for facilitating mitigation of these emissions, and critical to this task is the ability to assess the impact of transport interventions on road traffic emissions for a whole network.This article presents a contemporary review of literature concerning road traffic data and its use by LGAs in emissions models (EMs). Emphasis on the practicalities of using data readily available to LGAs to estimate network level emissions and inform effective policy is a relatively new research area, and this article summarises achievements so far. Results of the literature review indicate that readily available data are aggregated at traffic level rather than disaggregated at individual vehicle level. Hence, a hypothesis is put forward that optimal EM complexity is one using traffic variables as inputs, allowing LGAs to capture the influence of congestion whilst avoiding the complexity of detailed EMs that estimate emissions at vehicle level.Existing methodologies for estimating network emissions based on traffic variables typically have limitations. Conclusions are that LGAs do not necessarily have the right options, and that more research in this domain is required, both to quantify accuracy and to further develop EMs that explicitly include congestion, whilst remaining within LGA resource constraints.     

大城市中心区实施拥堵收费的影响评价研究

文章在分析大城市中心区拥堵收费实施条件与方式的基础上,定性分析实施拥堵收费对居民出行行为以及中心区动静态交通的影响,最后提出基于模糊评价理论的中心区拥堵收费影响评价模型.     

三峡库区不同水位期船舶溢油控制策略研究

随着三峡库区通航条件的改善、船舶流量的持续增大,尤其是水上危险品运输业的快速发展,库区水上溢油风险形势日益严峻.本文根据三峡库区不同水位期特点,针对溢油事故高风险水域的溢油数值及围控模拟结果,提出了三峡库区不同水位期船舶溢油围控策略,并对溢油应急围油栏设备配备进行适应性分析.     

曹妃甸三十万吨原油码头溢油风险分析与防控

渤海湾为中国内海,沿海工业企业密集,经济发达,海洋生态环境对经济的发展起着巨大的支撑作用。而渤海湾海洋生态脆弱,海体自然循环一次约需80年,任何污染事故的发生对经济影响都极为严重,因此加强对油品运输码头监管,消除隐患、杜绝事故发生、保持渤海海洋环境清洁显得尤为重要。文中着重针对曹妃甸三十万吨原油码头溢油风险与污染防控展开分析论述,并提出看法和建议。     

海上溢油收集装置概念设计

随着海洋石油开采和运输事业的日益发展,海上溢油问题的研究越来越受到重视,具有重要的理论价值和实际意义.论文针对各类海上溢油事故,在现有技术的基础上进行突破和创新,提出了三套新概念的海上溢油处理装置,热气球海上浮油收集装置、海上铲车浮油收集器和下潜式浮油收集器,分别利用漩涡原理,面面接触的物理方式和生物环保技术,有效提高海上溢油的收集效率,丰富了溢油处理装置的设计理念,为后续的详细设计奠定了基础.     

同步荧光谱法鉴别海上溢油研究

采用同步荧光光谱法对16种油品进行鉴别。实验结果显示,对于不同种类的油品,由于组分特征差异明显,其谱图轮廓,峰-谷位置都有较大的差别,使用同步荧光光谱法很容易就可以区分开。对于同一类型的油品,同步荧光光谱法也能根据油品的特征信息实现鉴别的目的,对于原油,由于其谱图相对复杂,而且有几种原油的谱图接近重合,鉴别起来难度较大,需要借助其他先进的技术手段辅助完成。     

Morning commute in a single-entry traffic corridor with no late arrivals

This paper analyzes a model of early morning traffic congestion, that is a special case of the model considered in Newell (1988). A fixed number of identical vehicles travel along a single-lane road of constant width from a common origin to a common destination, with LWR flow congestion and Greenshields’ Relation. Vehicles have a common work start time, late arrivals are not permitted, and trip cost is linear in travel time and time early. The paper explores traffic dynamics for the social optimum, in which total trip cost is minimized, and for the user optimum, in which no vehicle’s trip cost can be reduced by altering its departure time. Closed-form solutions for the social optimum and quasi-analytic solutions for the user optimum are presented, along with numerical examples, and it is shown that this model includes the bottleneck model (with no late arrivals) as a limit case where the length of the road shrinks to zero.     

渤海冰期溢油非常规应对策略和技术

渤海冰期溢油非常规策略主要针对无法使用现有常规回收策略加以回收的有冰环境。文中提出的非常规应对策略依据海冰、溢油、海水之间微妙关系因势利导,提出解决冰期溢油极端情况下的处置难题。