信号交叉口交通流的数值仿真

通过建立城市道路交叉口交通流黄红灯前后边界条件与计算方法,利用LWR模型描述了交叉口周期性中断交通流.在数值差分模型中,应用仿真时步交叉口状态数组标识交叉口信号灯状态,并依时推进仿真计算.不同于连续交通流,城市道路交叉口交通流根据红绿灯的变换采用各路段分时、分段计算方法突出各子路段在不同信号灯下的不同路权特征,同时在差分计算和边界上考虑不同子路段的相互影响与衔接,整体刻画了交叉口及相关道路交通流的时空变化.算例表明,LWR模型与特殊边界条件结合,并配合基本图的灵活性,在城市道路交通流推算中结果合理可信,模型具有良好应用潜力.     

一个新的基于LWR模型的中观交通流运动学模型

从控制体积的离散思想出发,利用有限元的加权余量方法,提出了一个新的中观交通流建模方法。并利用此思想建立了基于速度-密度关系宏观交通流LWR模型的中观交通流模型。研究了该中观模型的数值解法并且基于多分辨率仿真系统平台通过C＋＋实现了该算法,通过仿真案例对模型的物理特性、实际效果进行了评价,仿真结果表明：该中观模型的结果符合经典的流量、密度与速度曲线规律与实际场景应用情况。     

智能网联环境下的混合交通流LWR模型

LWR（Lighthill,Whitham and Richards,LWR）模型可推演交通流宏观状态演化过程,在智能网联环境下混有协同自适应巡航控制（Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control,CACC）车辆混合交通流LWR模型的研究,可为该混合交通流的宏观动力学特性分析提供理论工具。应用加州伯克利PATH真车试验验证的CACC模型作为CACC车辆跟驰模型,采用智能驾驶人模型（Intelligent Driver Model,IDM）模拟驾驶人在智能网联环境中的"智能"驾驶特性。基于不同CACC车辆比例下的混合交通流基本图,证明混合交通流基本图的切线斜率为交通波在混合车队中传播的波速,建立混合交通流LWR模型的一般性解析框架,得到混有CACC车辆的混合交通流LWR模型。最后,针对LWR模型冲击波特性,在6组平衡态条件下进行数值仿真试验。研究结果表明：所建立的混合交通流LWR模型可较好地描述不同CACC车辆比例时冲击波在混合车队中的传播波速;冲击波波速理论值与仿真均值的相对误差基本控制在10%以内,当冲击波处于由正向波转变为反向波的过渡阶段时,相对误差较大,为19%~26%,但绝对误差仍然较小。研究结果一方面可为混有CACC车辆的交通流宏观状态演化提供理论参考,具有推动该混合交通流其他宏观模型研究进展的积极作用;另一方面,建立的混合交通流LWR模型解析框架能够适应CACC车辆与人工-网联车辆跟驰模型选取的多样性,同时可为其他类型混合交通流LWR模型的建立提供理论支撑。     

Analytical and grid-free solutions to the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards traffic flow model

In this article, we propose a computational method for solving the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (LWR) partial differential equation (PDE) semi-analytically for arbitrary piecewise-constant initial and boundary conditions, and for arbitrary concave fundamental diagrams. With these assumptions, we show that the solution to the LWR PDE at any location and time can be computed exactly and semi-analytically for a very low computational cost using the cumulative number of vehicles formulation of the problem. We implement the proposed computational method on a representative traffic flow scenario to illustrate the exactness of the analytical solution. We also show that the proposed scheme can handle more complex scenarios including traffic lights or moving bottlenecks. The computational cost of the method is very favorable, and is compared with existing algorithms. A toolbox implementation available for public download is briefly described, and posted at http://traffic.berkeley.edu/project/downloads/lwrsolver.     

Data-driven linear decision rule approach for distributionally robust optimization of on-line signal control

We propose a two-stage, on-line signal control strategy for dynamic networks using a linear decision rule (LDR) approach and a distributionally robust optimization (DRO) technique. The first (off-line) stage formulates a LDR that maps real-time traffic data to optimal signal control policies. A DRO problem is solved to optimize the on-line performance of the LDR in the presence of uncertainties associated with the observed traffic states and ambiguity in their underlying distribution functions. We employ a data-driven calibration of the uncertainty set, which takes into account historical traffic data. The second (on-line) stage implements a very efficient linear decision rule whose performance is guaranteed by the off-line computation. We test the proposed signal control procedure in a simulation environment that is informed by actual traffic data obtained in Glasgow, and demonstrate its full potential in on-line operation and deployability on realistic networks, as well as its effectiveness in improving traffic.     

基于中观仿真的城市快速路速度诱导控制模型研究

利用中观交通流模型对城市快速路瞬时交通量进行预测,并在此基础上对车辆进行速度诱导控制,建立了以车辆总行程时间为目标函数的诱导优化模型,并利用C++实现了该模型.最后以上海南北高架南段西线为例建立了仿真场景,进行模型的参数标定与校验.通过统计分析与物理特性分析:速度诱导控制后,速度方差与均方差均有显著下降,说明速度诱导控制后,降低了路段上交通流的整体速度差异,提高了交通安全性.     

Modeling the information flow propagation wave under vehicle-to-vehicle communications

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications under the connected vehicle context have the potential to provide new paradigms to enhance the safety, mobility and environmental sustainability of surface transportation. Understanding the information propagation characteristics in space and time is a key enabler for V2V-based traffic systems. Most existing analytical models assume instantaneous propagation of information flow through multi-hop communications. Such an assumption ignores the spatiotemporal relationships between the traffic flow dynamics and V2V communication constraints. This study proposes a macroscopic two-layer model to characterize the information flow propagation wave (IFPW). The traffic flow propagation is formulated in the lower layer as a system of partial differential equations based on the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards model. Due to their conceptual similarities, the upper layer adapts and modifies a spatial Susceptible-Infected epidemic model to describe information dissemination between V2V-equipped vehicles using integro-differential equations. A closed-form solution is derived for the IFPW speed under homogeneous conditions. The IFPW speed is numerically determined for heterogeneous conditions. Numerical experiments illustrate the impact of traffic density and market penetration of V2V-equipped vehicles on the IFPW speed. The proposed model can capture the spatiotemporal relationships between the traffic and V2V communication layers, and aid in the design of novel information propagation strategies to manage traffic conditions under V2V-based traffic systems.     

Exact and grid-free solutions to the Lighthill–Whitham–Richards traffic flow model with bounded acceleration for a class of fundamental diagrams

In this article, we propose a new exact and grid-free numerical scheme for computing solutions associated with an hybrid traffic flow model based on the Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) partial differential equation, for a class of fundamental diagrams. In this hybrid flow model, the vehicles satisfy the LWR equation whenever possible, and have a constant acceleration otherwise. We first propose a mathematical definition of the solution as a minimization problem. We use this formulation to build a grid-free solution method for this model based on the minimization of component function. We then derive these component functions analytically for triangular fundamental diagrams, which are commonly used to model traffic flow. We also show that the proposed computational method can handle fixed or moving bottlenecks. A toolbox implementation of the resulting algorithm is briefly discussed, and posted at https://dl.dropbox.com/u/1318701/Toolbox.zip.     

Continuum signalized junction model for dynamic traffic networks: Offset,spillback, and multiple signal phases

This paper extends the continuum signalized intersection model exhaustively studied in Han et al. (2014) to more accurately account for three realistic complications: signal offsets, queue spillbacks, and complex signal phasing schemes. The model extensions are derived theoretically based on signal cycle, green split, and offset, and are shown to approximate well traffic operations at signalized intersections treated using the traditional (and more realistic) on-and-off model. We propose a generalized continuum signal model, which explicitly handles complex vehicle spillback patterns on signalized networks with provable error estimates. Under mild conditions, the errors are small and bounded by fixed values that do not grow with time. Overall, this represents a significant improvement over the original continuum model, which had errors that grew quickly with time in the presence of any queue spillbacks and for which errors were not explicitly derived for different offset cases. Thus, the new model is able to more accurately approximate traffic dynamics in large networks with multiple signals under more realistic conditions. We also qualitatively describe how this new model can be applied to several realistic intersection configurations that might be encountered in typical urban networks. These include intersections with multiple entry and exit links, complex signal phasing, all-red times, and the presence of dedicated turning lanes. Numerical tests of the models show remarkable consistency with the on-and-off model, as expected from the theory, with the added benefit of significant computational savings and higher signal control resolution when using the continuum model.     

Multilane first-order traffic flow model with endogenous representation of lane-flow equilibrium

In this study, we develop a multilane first-order traffic flow model for freeway networks. In the model, lane changing is considered as a stochastic behavior that can decrease an individual driver’s disutility or cost, and is represented as dynamics toward the equilibrium of lane-flow distribution along with longitudinal traffic dynamics. The proposed method can be differentiated from those in previous studies because in this study, the motivation of lane changing is explicitly considered and it is treated as a utility defined by the current macroscopic traffic state. In addition, the entire process of lane changing is computed macroscopically by an extension of the kinematic wave theory employing IT principle; moreover, in the model framework, the lane-flow equilibrium curve is endogenously generated because of self-motivated lane changes. Furthermore, the parsimonious representation enables parameter calibration using the data collected from conventional loop detectors. The calibration of the data collected at four different sites, including a sag bottleneck, on the Chugoku expressway in Japan reveals that the proposed method can represent the lane-flow distribution of any observation site with high accuracy, and that the estimated parameters can reasonably explain the multilane traffic dynamics and the bottleneck phenomena uphill of sag sections.