Online channel strategies under different offline channel power structures for the Belt and Road of China

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the online channel strategies adopted by Chinese manufacturers with regard to the Belt and Road. It also investigates the effect of offline channel power structures and maritime transportation costs on online channel mode selection and pricing strategies. The offline channel power structures are classified into three types, namely, Chinese manufacturer Stackelberg (MS) structure, vertical Nash (VN) structure, and foreign retailer Stackelberg (RS) structure. Furthermore, a game model is developed among the Chinese manufacturer, foreign retailer, and cross-border e-tailer to investigate the interactions among offline channel power structures, maritime transportation costs, and Chinese manufacturers’ online channel mode selection. The results show that Chinese manufacturers’ preferences for the online agency selling mode increases correspondingly with the decrease in their market position and bargaining power. Moreover, foreign retailers can obtain higher profits in the online agency selling mode under the VN structure. However, the level of profit for foreign retailers depends on the intensity of their competition with cross-border e-tailers under the MS and RS structures. Finally, consumers in countries along the Belt and Road can obtain a higher surplus in the online agency selling mode under all of the structures.     

体外预应力高强混凝土薄壁箱梁试验研究

进行了体外预应力高强混凝土薄壁箱梁从预应力钢绞线张拉到承载力极限破坏这一全过程的试验研究,研究了体外预应力损失及应力增量、跨中截面应力—应变分布以及跨中挠度和抗裂性能等问题。研究结果表明:体外预应力高强混凝土薄壁箱梁预应力损失实测值与现行规范计算值基本吻合,探讨了其截面受压翼缘有效分布宽度和体外预应力筋应力增量的变化规律,初步揭示了体外预应力高强混凝土薄壁箱梁在混凝土开裂前和受拉非预应力钢筋屈服后混凝土受压翼缘存在不同的剪力滞效应,并提出了相应状态下的受压翼缘有效分布宽度系数。     

The effects of federal transit subsidy policy on investment decisions: The case of San Francisco's Geary Corridor

In the United States, federal funding for public transit often accounts for a large proportion of a local agency's budget, especially for capital investments. For this reason, local governments can be expected to plan a portfolio of projects that maximize federal contributions. This study examines the financial effects of federal transit subsidy policy on local transit investment decisions. Data from a System Planning Study for the Geary Corridor in San Francisco are used as an illustration. It is found that federal transit subsidy policy provides financial incentives for local decision-makers to select capital-intensive investment options that may not be efficient or effective. While federal financial incentives are not the only factor influencing local investment decisions, some reform of the current subsidy policy may be necessary to reduce the incentive for ineffective use of public resources.     

盾构法T接隧道结构受力现场试验研究——以宁波轨道交通3号线联络通道为例

为了了解盾构法T接隧道在施工过程中主隧道外部的荷载以及响应,以国内第一条使用机械法施工的联络通道--宁波轨道交通3号线为背景进行研究。本文通过研究施工过程中的施工工况节点,现场监测主隧道结构的外荷载、收敛变形并计算结构内力,得到在整个施工过程中主隧道的结构响应及其变化规律。通过本文的研究,可以得出以下结论： 1）施工过程可依据外部荷载和结构体系进行划分工况,各工况具有明显的不同响应; 2）始发端和接收端的内力变化主要受到盾构顶力和外部注浆荷载的影响,且主要影响切削侧,切削过程中的内力增量在10%～20%,注浆压力影响的增量部分达到了50%; 3）各环及内支撑轴力增量在200 kN以下,破洞位置导致的轴力损失可以由其余位置共同承担,不需要特殊的破洞阶段超载设计。     

钣金型液力变矩器外特性计算方法

对原有试验台架的信号处理和液压系统进行改进, 进行了YJH315钣金型液力变矩器的牵引试验。应用三维流场数值计算方法, 提出了YJH315钣金型液力变矩器外特性的动量矩方程、力矩方程与性能参数计算方法。分别通过MATLAB仿真软件和实测试验得到了不同转速比下的效率、变矩系数和公称力矩, 并将仿真结果与试验结果进行对比分析。分析结果表明: 当转速比在0~0.9时, 试验工况下的最大效率为0.82, 仿真工况下的最大效率为0.79, 效率的最大误差约为2%;试验工况下的最大变矩系数为2.41, 仿真工况下的最大变矩系数为2.29, 变矩系数的最大误差约为3%;试验工况下的最大公称力矩为28.7N·m, 仿真工况下的最大公称力矩为27.3N·m, 公称力矩的最大误差约为3%。3个指标的误差均在可接受范围之内, 说明提出的钣金型液力变矩器外特性计算方法可行。     

亚星客车的电涡流缓速器外部电路

详细介绍亚星系列客车的3种缓速器的电路工作原理,并对3种缓速器电路特点进行了比较。     

浅析房地产高负债经营风险

房地产领域已经成为我国财富聚集最为迅速的领域,平均利润率已经远远超过其他领域。同时,负债经营是现代企业发展不可回避的一项经营手段,有效利用会给企业带来超常的杠杠收益,因而房地产企业负债经营是现代市场经济的必然产物,但同时负债经营又是一把双刃剑。文中就房地产行业负债经营的风险现状和成因进行分析,同时对风险控制进行论述,以期帮助企业健康稳健发展。     

Economic factors affecting the registration of lower CO2 emitting aircraft in Europe

We examine the various forces influencing the development and uptake of environmentally beneficial technical changes, focusing on airline technology. Within this context, we consider not only the nature of competition within the final market in which aircraft, an intermediate product, are sold, but also that of the product market itself, the commercial airline industry. The reasons for the gradual reduction in CO₂ per seat per aircraft movement in aircraft design are examined in terms of the real costs of aviation fuel, changes in the nature of the supply industry, the movement towards carbon cap-trade policies, and endogenous technical progress in the technology of the industry. The latter being taken as an empirical proxy for the role market forms play in influencing the fuel efficiency of the types of aircraft used. The results support the existence of these latter forces on the demand for aircraft types, allowing for other influences that affect aircraft technology.     

内外温差对明挖隧道主体结构内力的影响研究

明挖隧道内外温差会使其衬砌结构产生附加应力,严重时会使隧道轴线方向的衬砌产生环向裂缝。通过对温度进行现场监测,获得工程实际内外温差,对其规律进行简要分析并将其作为有限元计算的温度边界条件;采用ANSYS进行有限元计算,考虑明挖隧道主体结构修建完成和回填完成两个阶段,对隧道内部温度低于外部温度、隧道内部温度高于外部温度以及无温差3种工况进行分析,得出温差对隧道结构应力的影响规律。     

基于MARC外水切压缩负荷优化

本文介绍了外水切CAE模型分析外水切压缩负荷的方法.压缩压缩负荷是外水切的一个重要参数,压缩负荷的设计不合理,会直接影响玻璃的升降和刮水性能.利用MARC可以对外水切截面进行有限元分析,在设计前期可以指导工程师进行截面优化,得到合理的压缩负荷.