In search of surrogate safety indicators for vulnerable road users: a review of surrogate safety indicators

Surrogate indicators are meant to be alternatives or complements of safety analyses based on accident records. These indicators are used to study critical traffic events that occur more frequently, making such incidents easier to analyse. This article provides an overview of existing surrogate indicators and specifically focuses on their merit for the analyses of vulnerable road users and the extent to which they have been validated by previous research. Each indicator is evaluated based on its ability to consider the collision risk, which can be further divided into the initial conditions of an event, the magnitude of any evasive action and the injury risk in any traffic event. The results show that various indicators and their combinations can reflect different aspects of any traffic event. However, no existing indicator seems to capture all aspects. Various studies have also focused on the validity of different indicators. However, due to the use of diverse approaches to validation, the large difference in how many locations were investigated and variations in the duration of observation at each location, it is difficult to compare and discuss the validity of the different surrogate safety indicators. Since no current indicator can properly reflect all the important aspects underlined in this article, the authors suggest that the choice of a suitable indicator in future surrogate safety studies should be made with considerations of the context-dependent suitability of the respective indicator.     

A Pareto-improving hybrid rationing and pricing policy with multiclass network equilibria

This paper extends the work on Pareto-improving hybrid rationing and pricing policy for general road networks by considering heterogeneous users with different values of time. Mathematical programming models are proposed to find a multiclass Pareto-improving pure road space rationing scheme (MPI-PR) and multiclass hybrid rationing and pricing schemes (MHPI and MHPI-S). A numerical example with a multimodal network is provided for comparing both the efficiency and equity of the three proposed policies. We discover that MHPI-S can achieve the largest reduction in total system delay, MHPI can induce the least spatial inequity and MHPI-S is a progressive policy which is appealing to policy makers. Furthermore, numerical results reveal that different classes of users react differently to the same hybrid policies and multiclass Pareto-improving hybrid schemes yield less delay reduction when compared to their single-class counterparts.     

On the degradation of performance for traffic networks with oblivious users

We consider the problem of characterizing user equilibria and optimal solutions for routing in a given network. We extend the known models by considering users oblivious to congestion in the following sense: While in the typical user equilibrium setting the users follow a strategy that minimizes their individual cost by taking into account the (dynamic) congestion due to the current routing pattern, an oblivious user ignores congestion altogether; instead, he or she decides his routing on the basis of cheapest routes on a network without any flow whatsoever. These cheapest routes can be, for example, the shortest paths in the network without any flow. This model tries to capture the fact that a certain percentage of travelers base their route simply on the distances they observe on a map, without thinking (or knowing, or caring) about the delays experienced on this route due to their fellow travelers. In this work we study the effect of such users using as the measure of network performance its price of anarchy, i.e., the ratio of the total latency experienced by the users (oblivious or not) at equilibrium over the social optimum.     

A statistical analysis of consumer perceptions towards automated vehicles and their intended adoption

ABSTRACT

While automated vehicle (AV) development continues to progress rapidly, how the public will accept and adopt automated vehicles remains an open question. Using extensive survey data, we apply cluster analysis to better understand consumer perceptions toward potential benefits and concerns related to AVs with regard to factors influencing their AV adoption likelihood. Four market segments are identified – ‘benefits-dominated,’ ‘concerns-dominated,’ ‘uncertain,’ and ‘well-informed.’ A random parameters multinomial logit model is then estimated to identify factors influencing the probability of respondents belonging to one of these four market segments. Among other influences (such as socio-economic and current travel characteristics), it is found that ‘Millennials’ have a higher probability of belonging to the well-informed market segment, ‘Gen-Xers’ with a lower probability to the uncertain market segment, and ‘Baby Boomers’ with a higher probability to the concerns-dominated market (relative to the ‘Great Generation’). We also study the individuals’ expressed likelihood of AV adoption using separate random parameters ordered probit estimations for each of the four market segments. The substantial and statistically significant differences across each AV consumer market segment underscore the potentially large impact that different consumer demographics may have on AV adoption and the need for targeted marketing to achieve better market-penetration outcomes.     

城市道路拥挤收费实施时机确定方法研究

道路拥挤收费问题涉及交通工程、运输经济、决策博弈等多个研究领域,是广受关注的综合性课题。在弹性需求的多类型用户双层规划次优收费模型的基础上,通过研究不同OD下社会净效益的变化情况,提出了确定拥挤收费实施的OD区间范围和最优点的方法,为找到拥挤收费的合理实施时机提供了理论分析手段。结合上海市中心区道路状况数据,进行了实例分析,验证了方法的有效性。     

基于顾客价值的高速公路市场营销模式

以广州北环高速公路为研究对象，对其高速公路市场营销模式进行分析研究。通过分析，得出该公司成功的最大原因是基于顾客价值链，在高速公路出人口周边经济带中有意识培育关联产业，有针对性地开发高盈利能力的顾客，最大限度吸引和稳住自己的盈利顾客群体，从而培育了自己的核心竞争能力，确保了收入和效益的稳定增长。     

降低公路收费标准的可行性分析

在公路资产的构成中,由于引进了社会资本的投入,不可避免出现公路收费问题.本文针对公路收费问题,分析了公路产品的特点:排他性、非竞争性和外部特征,通过对公路产品外部特征所产生的效益的分析,应用技术经济和动态分析的方法,从理论上讨论了降低公路收费标准存在的合理性和可能性.     

辽宁省大型取用水户节水现状及对策

通过对辽宁省大型取用水户的调查,从取用水大户工业用水、自来水用水现状及节水潜力等方面进行分析,找出了辽宁省节水工作中存在的问题,提出了节约用水工作的若干对策和建议。     

基于用户剩余的双层拥挤收费模型及算法

拥挤道路收费作为交通需求管理的一种有效措施在许多国家和地区开始提倡。基于用户剩余的拥挤道路收费问题,建立双层规划模型,设计求解双层规划模型的遗传算法,结果表明,双层规划模型能有效解决复杂的拥挤定价问题,遗传算法收敛较快,容易满足计算精度要求。     

地铁自动售票系统交互设计研究

现阶段,地铁设施设计多注重硬件技术和物理功能的实现,对使用者的使用心理、使用方式、使用过程的合理性研究相对不足,造成地铁设施功能的不完善。以交互设计方法为研究基础,以用户研究为核心,通过对地铁自动售票机系统用户生理、识别与行为特征的分析,探索地铁自动售票机的设计改进策略。