Integrating capacity analysis with high-speed railway timetabling: A minimum cycle time calculation model with flexible overtaking constraints and intelligent enumeration

Compared with most optimization methods for capacity evaluation, integrating capacity analysis with timetabling can reveal the types of train line plans and operating rules that have a positive influence on improving capacity utilization as well as yielding more accurate analyses. For most capacity analyses and cyclic timetabling methods, the cycle time is a constant (e.g., one or two hours). In this paper, we propose a minimum cycle time calculation (MCTC) model based on the periodic event scheduling problem (PESP) for a given train line plan, which is promising for macroscopic train timetabling and capacity analysis. In accordance with train operating rules, a non-collision constraint and a series of flexible overtaking constraints (FOCs) are constructed based on variations of the original binary variables in the PESP. Because of the complexity of the PESP, an iterative approximation (IA) method for integration with the CPLEX solver is proposed. Finally, two hypothetical cases are considered to analyze railway capacity, and several influencing factors are studied, including train regularity, train speed, line plan specifications (train stops), overtaking and train heterogeneity. The MCTC model and IA method are used to test a real-world case involving the timetable of the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway in China.     

未知时变扰动和输入饱和下的智能船舶鲁棒非线性控制

复杂海况下环境多变并且船舶具有多耦合、强非线性的特点,针对智能船舶定位控制问题,考虑在未知时变扰动和输入饱和约束之下船舶的定位控制问题,结合非线性扰动观测器提出一种带辅助动态系统的鲁棒非线性控制算法。通过Lyapunov理论证明了所提出的非线性扰动观测器与控制器结合后闭环系统的稳定性和信号的一致最终有界性。利用非线性扰动观测器对环境中存在的海浪扰动进行有效的估计处理。最后,通过仿真验证了所提出的控制算法不仅能保证船舶期望的位置和艏向,而且提高了控制速度,具有较好的控制性能。     

基于客流需求的城际列车时刻表模型改进研究

列车时刻表的编制是铁路旅客运输组织的关键问题,如何优化时刻表,最大限度缩短旅客的旅行时间,具有重要的理论和现实意义.然而,既有基于客流需求的时刻表优化模型大多数假设列车顺序固定或不允许列车间任意越行,离实际尚有一定差距.针对这一问题,本文以最小化旅客在站等待时间和在车旅行时间的线性加权为优化目标,综合考虑列车停站、区间运行、安全间隔、列车容纳能力等约束,在定序无越行和定序有限越行模型的基础上,构建了更一般的非定序任意越行混合整数二次规划模型,并利用ILOG CPLEX分别进行求解.最后,以某城际高铁为例进行案例研究.结果表明,本文所提的非定序任意越行模型求解质量最好,且能有效减少旅客全程旅行时间,具有可行性.     

User perspectives in public transport timetable optimisation

The present paper deals with timetable optimisation from the perspective of minimising the waiting time experienced by passengers when transferring either to or from a bus. Due to its inherent complexity, this bi-level minimisation problem is extremely difficult to solve mathematically, since timetable optimisation is a non-linear non-convex mixed integer problem, with passenger flows defined by the route choice model, whereas the route choice model is a non-linear non-continuous mapping of the timetable. Therefore, a heuristic solution approach is developed in this paper, based on the idea of varying and optimising the offset of the bus lines. Varying the offset for a bus line impacts the waiting time passengers experience at any transfer stop on the bus line.In the bi-level timetable optimisation problem, the lower level is a transit assignment calculation yielding passengers’ route choice. This is used as weight when minimising waiting time by applying a Tabu Search algorithm to adapt the offset values for bus lines. The updated timetable then serves as input in the following transit assignment calculation. The process continues until convergence.The heuristic solution approach was applied on the large-scale public transport network in Denmark. The timetable optimisation approach yielded a yearly reduction in weighted waiting time equivalent to approximately 45 million Danish kroner (9 million USD).     

一种基于跟踪变结构控制的鱼雷制导律设计方法

利用变结构控制对干扰和参数摄动的“完全自适应性”,设计出了一种基于运动跟踪变结构控制的鱼地律,并将其于被动方式的水下目标跟踪问题中,结果表明,该制导律可以令相对视线角速度按照给定的运动规律变化,从而大大增强了被动跟踪问题的可观性评估的 且对干扰和参数摄动具有较强的鲁棒性,易于工程化问题的处理     

舵阻摇H∞控制器的设计

舵阻摇的效果对船舶水动力参数敏感,Ｈ_∞控制器对模型不确定性具有良好的适应性。本文设计了一种基于并联控制模式的舵阻摇Ｈ_∞控制器。模拟海上航行条件的计算机仿真表明该控制器具有良好的鲁棒特性。     

Technical Note: Force Control in Electrohydraulic Active Suspensions Revisited

The inner loop control for the actuator force can be quite simply compensated by means of a correction term to the desired force signal at the input. The correction requires only a measurement of the actuator piston velocity and is employed to cancel the loop disturbance caused by the oil flow to the actuator. Although an additional time constant is introduced by the integration in the inner loop force control, the overall performance is nevertheless quite close to that of an ideal optimal system.     

城市轨道交通小交路计划与客流控制协同优化策略

高峰时段的大客流需求易造成城市轨道站台乘客大量聚集,从而给城市轨道交通系统带来安全隐患,降低乘客乘车的舒适度;同时,客流空间分布的不均衡性导致供需能力不匹配,降低 了列车资源的利用率。针对该现象,本文结合大小交路开行方案与客流控制策略研究城市轨道交通列车时刻表协同优化问题。考虑到城市轨道交通客流的不确定性,将乘客到达率设置为不确定变量,而后基于客流演化与列车运行的动态关系,建立以最小化滞留乘客数、客流控制人数、 列车运行时间,以及最大化列车资源利用率衡量值为目标的优化模型,并设计一种基于机会约束 的随机场景优化算法进行模型求解。以北京市某轨道线路为例进行数值实验验证模型的有效性。结果表明,相较于常规运营策略,本文提出的协同优化策略在期望滞留人数和列车运行时间方面有了较大改善,更好地实现了乘客成本和企业运营成本之间的均衡。     

Multi-objective re-synchronizing of bus timetable: Model,complexity and solution

This work is originally motived by the re-planning of a bus network timetable. The existing timetable with even headways for the network is generated using line by line timetabling approach without considering the interactions between lines. Decision-makers (i.e., schedulers) intend to synchronize vehicle timetable of lines at transfer nodes to facilitate passenger transfers while being concerned with the impacts of re-designed timetable on the regularity of existing timetable and the accustomed trip plans of passengers. Regarding this situation, we investigate a multi-objective re-synchronizing of bus timetable (MSBT) problem, which is characterized by headway-sensitive passenger demand, uneven headways, service regularity, flexible synchronization and involvement of existing bus timetable. A multi-objective optimization model for the MSBT is proposed to make a trade-off between the total number of passengers benefited by smooth transfers and the maximal deviation from the departure times of the existing timetable. By clarifying the mathematical properties and solution space of the model, we prove that the MSBT problem is NP-hard, and its Pareto-optimal front is non-convex. Therefore, we design a non-dominated sorting genetic (NSGA-II) based algorithm to solve this problem. Numerical experiments show that the designed algorithm, compared with enumeration method, can generate high-quality Pareto solutions within reasonable times. We also find that the timetable allowing larger flexibility of headways can obtain more and better Pareto-optimal solutions, which can provide decision-makers more choice.     

离散型闭环增益成形算法及其应用

将闭环增益成形算法推广到离散系统中去。分别用Z变换、差分反演法和双线性变换给出一阶、二阶和三阶闭环增益成形算法的离散形式，然后针对船舶航向保持问题，在Matlab环境中进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明，航向保持的跟踪速度快、没有超调，当模型参数改变时，控制器具有一定的鲁棒性，说明离散型闭环增益成形算法是有效的。