支持协同设计的船舶设计过程模型研究

船舶设计过程模型是在网络环境下开展船舶并行和协同设计系统的基础.本文根据船舶设计的特点,提出了将船舶设计过程按照项目、设计任务和设计活动三个层次进行分解的方法,并给出了船舶设计过程模型形式化定义.该模型明确了设计任务间的并行、顺序和协同关系,可以直接按设计任务构成活动网络图进行规划、分析、管理等工作,使设计过程具有良好的可变更性和可控性.     

简支组合梁抗火设计简化方法

根据现行《建筑钢结构防火技术规范》（CECS200：2006）中简支组合梁抗火承载力验算方法,提出了简支组合梁抗火设计的临界温度法,给出了临界温度的计算方法。对影响简支组合梁临界温度的参数分析研究发现：在确定的荷载比下简支组合梁的钢梁截面、材料强度、有效宽度等对简支组合梁的临界温度的影响较小,而耐火极限和楼板厚度对简支组合梁临界温度影响较大。给出了一般简支组合梁在不同楼板厚度、不同耐火极限下,不同荷载比对应的临界温度,可供工程设计使用。     

Time windows in workers' activity patterns: Empirical evidence from the Netherlands

This paper assumes that activities at the home and work location are important determinants of individuals' paths through time and space. Fixed activities at these locations determine to a large extent the duration and timing of time windows – blocks of time available for participation in travel and out-of-home non-work activities. Taking the time spent at home and at the workplace as a starting point, this paper classifies activity patterns on workdays into six groups with distinct home- and work-stay patterns. For this, data are used from the 1998 Netherlands National Travel Survey. The six clusters vary in terms of the duration and timing of time windows and some of the differences can be explained by commute characteristics, types of non-work activities performed, workers' sociodemographic attributes, and their spatiotemporal environment. However, the impact of sociodemographic and spatiotemporal variables on cluster membership is shown to be weak.     

An Exploration of the Relationship between Timing and Duration of Maintenance Activities

The timing and duration of an activity episode are two important temporal aspects of activity-travel behavior. Understanding the causal relationship between these two variables would be useful in the development of activity-based travel demand modeling systems. This paper investigates the relationship between these two variables by considering two different causal structures – one structure in which time-of-day choice is determined first and influences duration and a second structure in which activity duration is determined first and affects time-of-day choice. These two structures are estimated within a discrete-continuous simultaneous equations framework employing a full-information maximum likelihood methodology that allows error covariance. The estimation is performed separately for commuter and non-commuter samples drawn from a 1996 household travel survey data set from the Tampa Bay area in Florida. The results of the model estimation effort show that the causal structure in which activity duration precedes or affects activity timing (time of day choice) performs better for the non-commuter sample. For the commuter sample, the findings were less conclusive with both causal structures offering equally good statistical measures of fit. In addition, for the commuter sample, all error correlations were found to be zero. These two findings suggest that time of day choice and activity episode duration are only loosely related for the commuter sample, possibly due to the relatively non-discretionary and inflexible work activity and travel.     

Residential built environment and walking activity: Empirical evidence of Jane Jacobs’ urban vitality

This study intends to empirically verify Jacobs’ urban vitality theory, which was based on the observations of her New York City neighborhood in the mid-20th century. To examine the relationship between the residential built environment and walking activity, we used telephone survey data consisting of 1823 valid samples from across Seoul, a city characterized by a high population density and a well-established public transportation system. Respondents were asked questions about their residential location, their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and their walking activities. This study then used geographic information systems to measure objective indicators of built environment variables within 500-meter buffer areas based on the home addresses of the respondents. Then, this study constructed multilevel regression models with walking activity as the dependent variable. Our results indicated that walking activity is associated with Jacobs’ six conditions for urban vitality, including land use mix, density, block size, building age, accessibility, and border vacuums.     

Understanding time use: Daily or weekly data?

The appropriate duration of time diaries as a source of time use data is analyzed in a structured way. Nine detailed European surveys based on seven-days diaries are used in order to study different dimensions of data quality, duration and variability of activities, and modeling capabilities. Pseudo diaries of 1, 2 (one week, one weekend) and 3 (one week, both weekend) days are constructed to further analyze these issues, selecting the seven-days diaries data as a benchmark. Comparative results show that two and three-days weighted surveys seem to be an adequate surrogate for the information obtained in weekly surveys that capture a basic work–leisure cycle.     

Heterogeneous hazard model of PEV users charging intervals: Analysis of four year charging transactions data

Public charging infrastructure represents a key success factor in the promotion of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV). Given that a large initial investment is required for the widespread adoption of PEV, many studies have addressed the location choice problem for charging infrastructure using a priori simple assumptions. Ideally, however, identifying optimal locations of charging stations necessitates an understanding of charging behavior. Limited market penetration of PEV makes it difficult to grasp any regularities in charging behavior. Using a Dutch data set about four-years of charging transactions, this study presents a detailed analysis of inter-charging times. Recognizing that PEV users may exhibit different charging behavior, this study estimates a latent class hazard duration model, which accommodates duration dependence, unobserved heterogeneity and the effects of time-varying covariates. PEV users are endogenously classified into regular and random users by treating charging regularity as a latent variable. The paper provides valuable insights into the dynamics of charging behavior at public charging stations, and which strategies can be successfully used to improve the performance of public charging infrastructure.     

Commuting and wellbeing: a critical overview of the literature with implications for policy and future research

ABSTRACT

This review provides a critical overview of what has been learnt about commuting’s impact on subjective wellbeing (SWB). It is structured around a conceptual model which assumes commuting can affect SWB over three time horizons: (i) during the journey; (ii) immediately after the journey; and (iii) over the longer term. Our assessment of the evidence shows that mood is lower during the commute than other daily activities and stress can be induced by congestion, crowding and unpredictability. People who walk or cycle to work are generally more satisfied with their commute than those who travel by car and especially those who use public transport. Satisfaction decreases with duration of commute, regardless of mode used, and increases when travelling with company. After the journey, evidence shows that the commute experience “spills over” into how people feel and perform at work and home. However, a consistent link between commuting and life satisfaction overall has not been established. The evidence suggests that commuters are generally successful in trading off the drawbacks of longer and more arduous commute journeys against the benefits they bring in relation to overall life satisfaction, but further research is required to understand the decision making involved. The evidence review points to six areas that warrant policy action and research: (i) enhancing the commute experience; (ii) increasing commute satisfaction; (iii) reducing the impacts of long duration commutes; (iv) meeting commuter preferences; (v) recognising flexibility and constraints in commuting routines and (vi) accounting for SWB impacts of commuting in policy making and appraisal.     

二灰冷再生沥青路面基层路用性能研究

通过对原路材料进行材料组成分析,并且通过对几种不同配合比的冷再生材料的无侧限抗压强度、劈裂强度、冲刷性能的初步研究,对二灰冷再生材料的性能做出了初步评价.二灰冷再生材料基本可以满足规范对沥青路面的半刚性基层的要求.     

As2O3诱导人卵巢癌细胞株HO8910凋亡和端粒酶活性的关系

目的探讨As2O3诱导HO8910细胞凋亡和端粒酶活性变化的关系。方法用不同浓度的As2O3溶液作用卵巢癌细胞株HO8910,于不同时间点收集细胞,MTT法检测细胞生长抑制率;FCM检测细胞凋亡率;TRAP-银染法观察端粒酶活性的变化。结果As2O3溶液对HO8910有生长抑制和诱导凋亡的作用,与药物浓度和作用时间相关。不同浓度As2O3作用HO8910细胞,其端粒酶活性在24h无明显改变,随着作用时间的延长,端粒酶活性逐渐下降,随着药物浓度的升高端粒酶活性也呈不断下降趋势,以致消失。结论As2O3可以诱导卵巢癌细胞株HO8910发生凋亡,其机制可能不是通过端粒酶活性下降直接调控的,但端粒酶调控与凋亡调控有一定相关性。