城市轨道交通灾害链演化网络模型及其风险分析——以地铁水灾为例

灾害链式演变是重大灾害形成的主要诱因,探明城市轨道交通典型灾害间的链式衍生发展规律对保障地铁运营安全意义重大。基于灾变链式理论和复杂网络理论,对城市轨道交通灾害事件的致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体特征及灾情链式传递规律展开研究;并以地铁水灾为例,构建灾害链演化网络模型;而后采用出入度、子网节点数、所含支链数和介数中心度分析法,对该过程进行风险分析。结论为:在城市轨道交通灾害演化系统中,各类灾害连接紧密、链生性强,传递性高;在地铁水灾演化网络中,车站用电设备故障、隧道结构性能劣化和地下承压水上升是风险控制的关键节点。研究成果为构建地铁运营风险预控与断链减灾体系提供理论支持。     

异常事件下的城市轨道交通网络特征分析

网络结构是城市轨道交通网络的一个重要特征.异常事件下网络结构特征的变化往往决定了事件所产生的影响.以新加坡的轨道交通网络为对象,首先基于3类中心度指标分析网络的结构特征,对站点和线路进行了比较;然后分析了1个站点关闭这类异常事件下网络结构特征指标发生的变化,基于此能界定破坏网络连通性及明显改变网络结构均衡性的2类关键站点;最后阐述了分析结果在城市轨道交通系统运营管理方面的应用价值.     

基于邮件挖掘社会网络核心层的新方法

社会网络分析应用于挖掘各组织及组织内部成员之间通信行为,是一种新的研究方法,在分析基于邮件构成的网络基础上,提出一种挖掘社会网络核心层的新方法MCCY.该方法首先删除结点度小于一定阈值的结点,再运用社团结构及中心度分析找出部分网络核心成员,最后结合已删除的结点得出完整的网络核心层.实验结果显示,该方法可以找出全部的网络核心成员,且在一定程度上解决了大型网络不容易计算的问题.     

Identifying the most critical transportation intersections using social network analysis

Traffic congestion negatively impacts our society. Most of the traditional transportation planning techniques – though effective – require rigorous amounts of data and analysis which consumes time and resources. This paper uses social network analysis (SNA) to analyze transportation networks, and consequently corroborate the effectiveness of SNA as a complementary tool for improved transportation planning. After creating the connection between the language and concepts of SNA and those of transportation systems – as well as developing a model that utilizes different SNA centrality measures within the transportation context – the authors utilize SNA to investigate traffic networks in three case studies in the state of Louisiana, analyze the results and draw conclusions. To this effect, with minimal cost and time, the model identifies the most critical intersections that should be further investigated using traditional techniques. These results are in agreement with the findings of Louisiana’s Department of Transportation and Development.     

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运用NetDraw软件,绘制出我国航空客流网络的结构图. 采用网络理论和方法,从结构特征、统计特征、度分布和中心性等角度,对2002—2008年我国航空客流网络的结构进行实证分析,从而为我国航空客运的发展提供量化参考和理论支持. 研究表明：在我国航空客流网络中,平均每个城市与其他12个城市有直接的航空联系,网络内任意两个城市之间经过平均1.3次中转即可到达;短平均路径长度（2.3左右）和高聚类系数（大于0.7）表明网络具有小世界特性;网络节点的度分布服从双段幂律分布,具有无标度特性;网络的密度值极小,中心性较低,发展不均衡,呈现出明显的“东重西轻”发展格局.     

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采用复杂网络理论中的点度中心度、中间中心度、接近中心度等3个关键指标,结合航空货物运输数据,用SPSS对我国航空货运网络进行系统聚类,从城市、区域和航线等角度对货运网络进行层级分析.研究表明：我国航空货运网络分布不均衡,具有明显的枢纽层级城市、区域层级城市、中级层级城市和边缘层级城市等4个层级结构;绝大部分航空货运量、航线、起降架次等集中在少数枢纽层级城市和区域层级城市,其他层级城市则依赖这2类城市进行货物运输中转.亟须合理安排新增航线和新增通航城市以解决航空货运枢纽城市后劲不足等问题.     

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机场作为重要的基础交通设施,对于地方商业发展和居民生活质量意义重大,航线网络的连通性水平决定了航空运输的服务水平.本文通过运用社会网络分析方法对中国国内航线网络进行分析,通过计算其密度、中心度（程度中心度;接近中心度;中介中心度）、切断点,分析国内机场国内航线的连通性水平;并对切断点进行扩展研究,计算节点删除对连通性水平的损失,并将损失分为直接损失和间接损失.研究结果表明,中国国内航线网络整体连通性水平较低,东西部连通性水平差异较大,同时西部地区也存在特色网络结构,整体网络对首都机场依赖性很强,抗毁能力弱.     

Spatial heterogeneity of ports in the global maritime network detected by weighted ego network analysis

More extensive attention has been paid to the heterogeneity of maritime transport network in topological rather than in spatial aspects. However, the importance of links and the roles of neighbors of a node has been ignored if not all. To fill this gap, this article introduced the approach of weighted ego network analysis (WENA) to visualize the spatial heterogeneity of the maritime network at global and local levels. The topological connectivity graph of the global marine network was derived, and its structural properties were analyzed. It is found out that the values of the degree of ports follow power-law distribution, which indicates that the global marine network is scale-free, that is, there are few well-connected ports and a majority of less connected ports. The spatial disparities of the network can be described by a core–periphery pattern. In global, most of the hubs or ports with extremely high values of degree locate in the big-three maritime regions including Far East, North America, and West Europe. Along the peripheral belts of the three regions, there are lots of less connected small ports. A different hierarchical structure of six continents was captured by WENA. It is found that Europe, Asia, North America, and Africa showcase a pyramid-shaped hierarchical structure with a scale-free feature similar to the entire network, while South America and Oceania exhibit the fusiform hierarchy like small-world networks. It is proposed that such spatial inequality and heterogeneity were caused by the geographical environments such as the hub-and-spoke organization, the embedded trade pattern, and the proximity of location. These findings help us to understand the characteristics of the international trade pattern and shed light on the strategies of development for the industry stakeholders.     

Cruise port centrality and spatial patterns of cruise shipping in the Asian market

This paper investigates the centrality of cruise ports in the Asian cruise shipping market while proposing the hubs and authorities centrality (HACC) metric as a directional synthesis of the hubs centrality and authorities centrality to explore cyclical and directional features of centrality in the cruise shipping network. With the development of the cruise shipping industry, research has been actively conducted with a particular focus on identifying the characteristics of hub ports. This paper employs social network analysis to investigate the HACC which is originally developed for analyzing the cruise port centrality problem. Empirical study implies that Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Nagasaki, Penang, Phuket, Port Klang, Shanghai, and Singapore (in alphabetical order) reflects particulars of cruise hub ports. One of the exceptional results of this paper is Ho Chi Minh City, Penang, Phuket, and Port Klang have demonstrated high HACC (refers to hub ports) while limited degree and betweenness centrality. In contrast, Busan and Keelung are not classified as hub ports.