基于空簧悬挂特性的高铁车辆垂向振动舒适性对比研究

在对车辆振动舒适性进行型式试验和仿真分析的基础上,以拖车为对象,研究空簧悬挂对车辆垂向振动舒适性和地板振动的影响.对车辆的多体系统仿真结果表明:采用德系空簧时车辆的垂向振动舒适性较使用日系空簧时提高了约10％;而在德系空簧辅以二系垂向减振器的组合悬挂下,车辆的垂向振动舒适性介于使用德系空簧与日系空簧之间.对车辆的刚柔耦合仿真表明:当车辆以不低于300km· h-1的速度在直线和7000m半径曲线线路运行时,地板前端的高频垂向振动主要为转向架上方的局部模态振动,而且随着速度的降低,其振动能量逐步减小或消失;车体地板中部的振动是以1阶和2阶垂向弯曲模态振动为主的中频振动,并且与二系悬挂形式关系不大;当车辆以低于300km·h-1的速度在直线和7000m半径曲线线路运行时,地板前端的垂向振动主要是低频振动,并且与二系悬挂方式有较强的相关性;增设二系垂向减振器后,虽然可以弥补德系空簧低频性能的不足,但有可能因高频阻抗过大而造成1阶垂向弯曲模态振动的增强.     

城市云道的人致振动舒适度分析

综合对比了国内外规范对于人行桥通行舒适度的规定,并以某城市云道工程人行桥为研究背景,利用大型通用有限元分析软件Midas/Civil建立背景工程的有限元模型,计算了其在人群荷载激励下的加速度响应,最后参考德国人行桥设计规范中的舒适度评价方法对该人行桥进行舒适度评价,并提出了相关建议.     

高速铁路邻近车站曲线最小半径研究

为了分析研究高速铁路邻近车站曲线最小半径对列车运行安全性与舒适性的影响,运用Simpack软件建立列车-线路动力学仿真模型。从动力学角度分析不同曲线半径对通过列车和停站列车的安全性和舒适性的影响。研究发现:通过列车经过车站邻近曲线时的轮轴横向力、脱轨系数、轮重减载率、列车平稳性指标大于停站车通过车站临近曲线时的相应指标;停站列车通过距离车站较远的圆缓点的轮轴横向力、脱轨系数、轮重减载率、平稳性指标能够满足运行安全性与舒适性需求,考虑富余量,停站列车速度采用通过曲中时的车速是合适的。     

青岛市轨道交通车辆采用变频空调满足节能舒适健康的应用研究

通过对青岛市地区气象条件和轨道交通11号线运营需求技术分析,结合其他城市变频车辆空调运营的实际情况,以及变频车辆空调可变制冷量、除湿控制、节能舒适的技术特点,对青岛轨道交通运营车辆进行针对性的研究,提出了在青岛地区采用变频热泵车辆空调来满足青岛海洋性气候,实现轨道交通车辆绿色、智能、舒适的运营要求。     

基于因子分析与AHP的高速列车乘坐舒适度评价模型与实证分析

针对目前舒适度研究偏重于列车运行物理指标层面的现状,结合人机工程学、环境与行为心理学等相关理论,提出了综合满足旅客乘坐需求、生理感受与心理感受的高速列车广义舒适度的概念。在对北京至四方的铁路线运行的CRH2型动车组745位旅客进行问卷调查的基础上,通过因子分析对指标进行降维,利用AHP构建乘坐舒适度评价模型,得出舒适度影响因素的权重,并提出改进建议:1.细化列车振动、噪声与照明舒适度评价指标;2.优化座椅休息、就餐、娱乐等功能设计;3.进一步调控车厢温度、湿度与空气质量。该模型的建立为我国高速列车乘坐舒适度研究提供了理论依据。     

缓和竖曲线的反演设计研究

应用已有的车辆简化模型,借助反演设计理论,研究了缓和竖曲线的反演设计方法;探讨了依据车辆—路面耦合动力学模型的安全性和舒适性动力学评价指标,给出了缓和竖曲线反演设计的一般流程。该方法为开发宜人化路面CAD系统提供了理论依据。     

Urban walkability considering pedestrians’ perceptions of the built environment: a 10-year review and a case study in a medium-sized city in Latin America

ABSTRACT

Numerous methodologies measuring walkability have been developed over the last years. This paper reviews the Walkability Index (WI) literature of the last decade (2009–2018) and highlights some limitations in the current approaches. Only a few studies have evaluated walkability in Latin America, mainly in big cities but not in medium and small-sized cities in the region, which present their own urbanisation dynamics, security issues, sidewalk invasion problems, and poor planning. Furthermore, most WIs in the literature use objective mesoscale variables to assess walkability in a given area. This paper contributes to filling these gaps by generating new evidence from a medium-sized city in Latin America to question if characteristics of the built environment encourage walking trips, as found in the literature, are transferable among regions. The study also proposes a novel index comprised of microscale and mesoscale built environment variables to assess walkability using virtual tools and considering users’ perceptions. The WI estimation relies on ranking probability models. The results of the case study suggest that subjective Security and Traffic Safety are the most crucial factors influencing walkability in these kind of cities, which is different from what is found in the literature from cities in developed countries where Sidewalk Condition and Attractiveness are the most important factors. Security appeared to be strongly associated with a subjective dimension, represented by the fear of crime or perceived risk for crime, instead of the actual occurrence of crimes. This result evidences the importance of the physical attributes of the real world and how they are captured, judged, and processed by pedestrians. Then, regional transferability of WIs needs to be done carefully. Finally, results in this paper highlight the importance of microscale built environment characteristics in the WI formulation in these cities. Results are in line with other research in some cities of the region, which found that microscale variables such as pavement quality and presence of obstacles on the sidewalks are relevant components to promote walkability.     

Green walking networks for climate change adaptation

Climate change (CC) potentially affects people travel behaviour, due to extreme weather conditions. This is particularly true for pedestrians, that are more exposed to weather conditions. Introducing the effect of this change in transport modelling allows to analyse and plan walking networks taking into consideration the climatic variable. The aim of this work is to develop a tool that can support planning and design of walking networks, by assessing the effects of actions oriented to increase resilience with respect to extreme weather conditions (CC adaptation).An integrated approach is used, thus combining transport and land-use planning concepts with elements of outdoor thermal comfort and network accessibility. Walking networks are analysed through centrality indexes, including thermal comfort aspects into a general cost function of links and weighted nodes. The method has been applied to the walking network inside the Campus of the University of Catania (Italy), which includes different functions and where pedestrian paths are barely used by people. Results confirm that this tool is sensitive to the variables representing weather conditions and it can measure the influence of CC adaptation measures (e.g. vegetation) on walking attitude and on the performance of the walking network.     

悬挂式单轨平面圆曲线乘客舒适度控制标准取值研究

乘客舒适度标准是确定线路平纵断面设计参数最为重要的控制指标,也是必须满足的强制性指标。为合理平衡乘客舒适度与工程建设成本之间的跷跷板关系,通过系统总结国内外各种现有制式取值标准,就悬挂式单轨乘客舒适度控制标准取值开展理论分析研究,并提出相应建议。与平面圆曲线半径相关的乘客舒适度指标为车体偏转角及未被平衡离心加速度,随着偏转角和未被平衡离心加速度数值的增加,其对最小圆曲线半径的影响逐渐减弱,恶化舒适度条件并不完全等同于工程效益的减小。悬挂式单轨最大偏转角理论上可突破传统轮轨铁路7.7°的限制,但增大偏转角对限界造成的影响不可忽略。人体可忍受的振动持续作用时间与未被平衡离心加速度大小成反比,将加速度控制在0.4～0.8 m/s~2是合理的。     

Magneto-rheological suspensions for improving ground vehicle’s ride comfort,stability, and handling

ABSTRACT

A state-of-the-art discussion on the applications of magneto-rheological (MR) suspensions for improving ride comfort, handling, and stability in ground vehicles is discussed for both road and rail applications. A historical perspective on the discovery and engineering development of MR fluids is presented, followed by some of the common methods for modelling their non-Newtonian behaviour. The common modes of the MR fluids are discussed, along with the application of the fluid in valve mode for ground vehicles’ dampers (or shock absorbers). The applications span across nearly all road vehicles, including automobiles, trains, semi-trucks, motorcycles, and even bicycles. For each type of vehicle, the results of some of the past studies is presented briefly, with reference to the originating study. It is discussed that Past experimental and modelling studies have indicated that MR suspensions provide clear advantages for ground vehicles that far surpasses the performance of passive suspension. For rail vehicles, the primary advantage is in terms of increasing the speed at which the onset of hunting occurs, whereas for road vehicles – mainly automobiles – the performance improvements are in terms of a better balance between vehicle ride, handling, and stability. To further elaborate on this point, a single-suspension model is used to develop an index-based approach for studying the compromise that is offered by vehicle suspensions, using the H₂ optimisation approach. Evaluating three indices based on the sprung-mass acceleration, suspension rattlespace, and tyre deflection, it is clearly demonstrated that MR suspensions significantly improve road vehicle’s ride comfort, stability, and handling in comparison with passive suspensions. For rail vehicles, the simulation results indicate that using MR suspensions with an on-off switching control can increase the speed at which the on-set of hunting occurs by as much as 50% to more than 300%.