Public transport enterprises in transition

Since the mid-1970s many western governments have felt that liberalization of market forces through deregulation and better control or privatization of public enterprises would raise productivity and reduce inflation and government deficits. This paper reviews the recent literature on public enterprise and draws on the Canadian experience. It discusses the rationale for and concept of public enterprise and focuses on two reform proposals, accountability and privatization. To increase the degree of accountability would require, on the one hand, that the government establish a formal mandate and role for the enterprise and periodically provide formal government directives, and on the other hand, provide an appropriate evaluation framework. Government compensation for imposed public duties is addressed. Full or partial privatization should be pursued when the rationale for a public enterprise has been significantly altered. This applies particularly to public transport enterprises which are in competition with the private sector.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Fourth World Conference on Transport Research, Vancouver, Canada, 1986. The author wishes to acknowledge the financial support of the Research Branch of the Canadian Transport Commission, and the valuable input provided by Dr Gennady Orzornoy.     

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以博弈论为工具,分析了存在公务车的情况下,交通拥挤形成的微观机理以及交通拥挤收费的实施效果。分析表明,拥挤收费并不影响公务车的出行,受到影响的只可能是私家车。在存在大量公务车的情况下,拥挤收费的总体效果取决于私家车出行者的时间价值分布和公务车出行者所占的比重。当公务车出行者的时间价值大于或等于私家车出行者的时间价值时,拥挤收费能有效地化解交通拥挤;当公务车出行者的时间价值小于私家车出行者的时间价值时,拥挤收费很可能只是增加出行者的出行成本,而无法起到缓解交通拥挤的作用。一般地说,高时间价值的私家车出行者所占的比例越高,拥挤收费的效果就越差;公务车出行者占总出行人数的比例越高,拥挤收费的效果越差。