轨道不平顺历史数据里程偏差修正研究

轨道不平顺历史数据之间存在里程偏差,若直接用于轨道不平顺劣化趋势模型必将导致其预测精度低的效果,从而增加轨道预防性维修的难度。因此,解决轨道平顺状态检测数据之间的里程偏差问题是实现预防性维修的前提。既有研究假设里程偏差为常数,实际上里程偏差随机产生且随着里程增加而累加。研究建立基于钢轨接头匹配的不平顺数据里程偏差修正模型,从轨检仪右高低原始弦数据中使用均一阈值提取出钢轨接头,对齐两段数据上提取到的所有钢轨接头后利用Dynamic Time Warping(DTW)算法,修正检测数据之间的同一相邻两钢轨接头之间的不平顺指标,修正后的检测数据相关系数约为0.98,保证了历史数据运用的可靠性。     

半潜式钻井平台用钢DH36安定行为试验研究

为了给半潜式钻井平台的安全性和寿命评价提供可靠试验依据,在室温下对半潜式钻井平台用钢DH36钢进行了考虑加载波形、加载速率和应力比影响的多工况单轴棘轮安定试验。结果表明:循环硬化速率随循环周次的增加快速下降,在低于某一值的循环应力作用下,应变将最终趋于棘轮饱和状态;正弦应力波比三角波更快地趋于安定,采用较低的加载速率可以加速材料趋向饱和棘轮状态;峰值应力固定不变时,棘轮应变对应力比历史无明显的记忆性;波形和加载速率对饱和棘轮应变的影响有限,饱和棘轮应变随着应力峰值的增加而增大。     

Emission rates of intermodal rail/road and road-only transportation in Europe: A comprehensive simulation study

Intermodal rail/road transportation combines advantages of both modes of transport and is often seen as an effective approach for reducing the environmental impact of freight transportation. This is because it is often expected that rail transportation emits less greenhouse gases than road transportation. However, the actual emissions of both modes of transport depend on various factors like vehicle type, traction type, fuel emission factors, payload utilization, slope profile or traffic conditions. Still, comprehensive experimental results for estimating emission rates from heavy and voluminous goods in large-scale transportation systems are hardly available so far. This study describes an intermodal rail/road network model that covers the majority of European countries. Using this network model, we estimate emission rates with a mesoscopic model within and between the considered countries by conducting a large-scale simulation of road-only transports and intermodal transports. We show that there are high variations of emission rates for both road-only transportation and intermodal rail/road transportation over the different transport relations in Europe. We found that intermodal routing is more eco-friendly than road-only routing for more than 90% of the simulated shipments. Again, this value varies strongly among country pairs.     

Optimal locations and travel time display for variable message signs

This paper first develops a network equilibrium model with the travel time information displayed via variable message signs (VMS). Specifically, the equilibrium considers the impact of the displayed travel time information on travelers’ route choices under the recurrent congestion, with the endogenous utilization rates of displayed information by travelers. The existence of the equilibrium is proved and an iterative solution procedure is provided. Then, we conduct the sensitivity analyses of the network equilibrium and further propose a paradox, i.e., providing travel time information via VMS to travelers may degrade the network performance under some poor designs. Therefore, we investigate the problem of designing the VMS locations and travel time display within a given budget, and formulate it as a mixed integer nonlinear program, solved by an active-set algorithm. Lastly, numerical examples are presented to offer insights on the equilibrium results and optimal designs of VMS.     

北京市道路交通资源占有率分析

为了从宏观上了解城市交通基础设施的利用和使用情况,引入了交通资源占有率的概念表征车辆在全天、全路网上的运行状况。以北京市为研究对象,通过历年的统计数据和交通调查数据,分别从客运交通结构、行车里程、行车时间、交通调查中核查线车型比例等角度对北京市2000年和2005年的公交车、小汽车、出租车等不同交通方式的道路资源占有率进行计算。     

区域运输通道内客运方式分担率模型

鉴于Wardrop原理假设通道内的旅客对各种运输方式的实际出行费用能够完全准确估计的不足,利用不确定规划理论,结合不同出行距离、不同收入水平的旅客对运输方式服务属性的评价,用数学期望表示旅客出行的广义费用,提出了不确定条件下运输通道内各种运输方式旅客最优和运输系统最优客运量分担率计算模型,以及多目标客运量分担率计算模型,并设计了用于求解模型的基于随机模拟的遗传算法。客运量分担率的预测结果与实际测量值之间平均误差为8．13％,说明本模型能够有效地模拟旅客在出行时对运输方式选择的不确定性。     

基于索洛余值理论的公路网发展贡献率研究

在分析经济增长理论的基础上,应用索洛余值的中性技术进步理论方法,扩展性引入了公路网发展规模即等效里程因素,建立了公路网发展规模与区域国民经济增长的发展模型,并以甘肃省近10年来的数据为例,综合分析测算了固定资产投资、从业人员、路网等效里程和其他因素对国民经济的贡献率,最后提出了甘肃省仍需继续加快公路网发展,以期为甘肃省国民经济发展做出更大的贡献。     

停车收费对居民出行方式选择的影响分析

停车收费是调节城市居民出行结构,改善城市交通状况的重要政策,不同停车收费标准对居民出行方式改变程度也不相同. 本文结合南京市停车特征调查数据,基于非集计模型理论,建立包括停车费率以及公交票价等多因素的出行方式选择模型,并利用弹性分析方法,研究居民出行方式选择随停车费率变化的趋势,分析出行方式选择对于停车费率以及公交票价变化的敏感性. 研究得出不同费率标准下,小汽车及公交车出行比例的改变程度,确定停车收费价格的敏感区间,并分别得到停车费率和公交票价变化对出行方式改变的弹性. 研究结论可以为大城市合理制定停车收费价格政策提供理论依据.     

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停车收费是调节城市居民出行结构,改善城市交通状况的重要政策,不同停车收费标准对居民出行方式改变程度也不相同. 本文结合南京市停车特征调查数据,基于非集计模型理论,建立包括停车费率以及公交票价等多因素的出行方式选择模型,并利用弹性分析方法,研究居民出行方式选择随停车费率变化的趋势,分析出行方式选择对于停车费率以及公交票价变化的敏感性. 研究得出不同费率标准下,小汽车及公交车出行比例的改变程度,确定停车收费价格的敏感区间,并分别得到停车费率和公交票价变化对出行方式改变的弹性. 研究结论可以为大城市合理制定停车收费价格政策提供理论依据.     

Determining strategies to increase response rates in transport surveys of small shop-based businesses

Increasing representation of small business perspectives in policy research would benefit from identifying strategies to increase response rates. Despite the significance of the issue, there is inconsistent reporting amongst small business research about issues such as sampling, recruitment and survey design. Reporting on such issues may help address the under-representation of small business respondents and help reduce wasting research resources on less effective strategies. For policy matters that have the potential to disrupt how small business owners run their business, this is of particular importance. This paper reports on a survey of small businesses about changes to the transport accessibility features of a town centre that have the potential to affect the supply of car parking. Based on a review of the available literature, strategies were adopted to reduce respondent burden and maximise engagement. The paper presents an analysis of recruitment approaches in the first wave of the survey and demonstrates how the refinements to the recruitment approach were successful in achieving an increase in response rate from 40% to 47%.