Do motor-vehicle users in the US pay their way?

Governments in the US spend over a hundred billion dollars per year to build and maintain roads and provide a variety of services for motor-vehicle users. To pay for these infrastructure and services governments collect revenue from a variety of taxes and fees. The basic objective of this paper is to compare these government expenditures with the corresponding user tax and fee payments in the US. At the outset I argue that the such comparisons tell us something about the equity but not necessarily the economic efficiency of highway financing. I then present four different ways one might tally up government expenditures and user payments, depending on the extent to which one wishes to count “indirect” expenditures (e.g., on prosecuting car thieves) and non-targeted general-tax payments (e.g., severance taxes on oil). I make a comprehensive analysis of all possible expenditures and payments, and then compare them according to three of the four ways of counting expenditures and payments. The analysis indicates that in the US current tax and fee payments to the government by motor-vehicle users fall short of government expenditures related to motor-vehicle use by approximately 20–70 cents per gallon of all motor fuel. (Note that in this accounting we include only government expenditures; we do not include any “external” costs of motor-vehicle use.) The extent to which one counts indirect government expenditures related to motor-vehicle use is a key factor in the comparison.     

FIDIC合同条件下由工程款延期支付引起的工期索赔计算

国际工程中经常发生工程款延期支付的现象,一般容易造成索赔事件,对于由工程款延期支付引起的费用索赔承包商较为容易计算,而对于工期索赔的计算存在诸多困难。文章在FIDIC合同条件下,根据合同条款的有关规定,提出了用比例法和权利补偿法进行工期索赔计算的思路。     

多元收费方式下的高速公路收费站车道数优化研究

随着货车比增加和移动支付方式的应用,依据现有《收费公路联网技术要求》计算车道数用到的交通量换算和服务时间已不符合实际,造成车道数计算不准确,易导致车道拥堵或车道资源浪费. 本文围绕车道数优化计算展开研究. 首先分析多元收费方式服务时间及其差异性,提出多元收费方式服务时间计算模型. 考虑车辆跟驰、排队等行为因素,基于 VISSIM 建立收费站通行仿真模型,以车流量、车型比等数据为输入,获取满足设计需求的车道数. 将需求车道数和实际服务时间输入排队模型计算DHV修正值. 利用多项式回归,建立实际DHV值和DHV修正值间的DHV换算模型. 根据实际服务时间和DHV修正值,获得优化车道数. 最后,以典型收费站进行实证分析,表明本文方法可实现车道数的优化计算.     

多元收费方式下的高速公路收费站车道数优化研究

随着货车比增加和移动支付方式的应用，依据现有《收费公路联网技术要求》计算车道数用到的交通量换算和服务时间已不符合实际，造成车道数计算不准确，易导致车道拥堵或车道资源浪费. 本文围绕车道数优化计算展开研究. 首先分析多元收费方式服务时间及其差异性，提出多元收费方式服务时间计算模型. 考虑车辆跟驰、排队等行为因素，基于 VISSIM 建立收费站通行仿真模型，以车流量、车型比等数据为输入，获取满足设计需求的车道数. 将需求车道数和实际服务时间输入排队模型计算DHV修正值. 利用多项式回归，建立实际DHV值和DHV修正值间的DHV换算模型. 根据实际服务时间和DHV修正值，获得优化车道数. 最后，以典型收费站进行实证分析，表明本文方法可实现车道数的优化计算.