城市公交线网差异化计程票价多目标优化

为获取更加接近实际城市公交线网的票价策略，将出行者的社会互动行为与后悔心理引入广义费用，提出线路客流OD矩阵均衡算法；分别以交通管理部门利润最大化及出行者效用最大化为目标，以公交计程票价、发车频率、私家车停车费为变量，建立固定需求下公交线网差异化计程票价多目标优化模型.引入集群智能多目标优化算法求解，并应用于Mandl 标准公交线网.研究发现：以线路里程为标准，差异化计程票制可以有效降低出行成本；依据帕累托最优解调节票价，可以促进出行者选择行为向优势均衡转移.     

A coupled numerical approach to simulate the effect of earthquake frequency content on seismic behavior of submarine tunnel

Roughly 90% of all natural vibrations have epicenters in offshore zones and may cause destruction of submarine and floating structures. Such excitations can influence the safe performance of facilities set up on the seabed, like tunnels, jacket legs and subsea oil pipelines. Some researches on this theme have been carried out to demonstrate the importance of seaquake analyses and their effects have been underlined. The present study intends to numerically simulate a two-dimensional fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problem in order to examine the dynamic response of submarine tunnel under real horizontal earthquakes. Pressure is considered as independent nodal variables to represent the fluid flow effects and the induced time-dependent acceleration in porous medium equation is incorporated in the analysis and the tunnel shell is considered as flexible. This work highlights the importance of the input ground motion frequency content that governs the development of the induced seismic stress/strain around the lining of the tunnel. The results demonstrate that for deep sea the increment rate of the circumferential stress caused by surface gravity waves is below 7% when compared to the no-wave interface condition. Moreover, it is confirmed that long-period record may amplify the overall response of the system (up to 60%) specially the lateral and vertical displacements, as well as the principal stress to a lesser extent. The developed numerical model can attend to further analysis of tunnels embedded in a half-space in conjunction with fluid undergoing the severe long-period earthquakes.     

粘弹性人工边界在地下结构抗震分析中的应用

地下结构地震反应分析需考虑结构-地基的动力相互作用,其中场地土层的自由场反应分析是确定地震输入的关键问题。以往地下工程实例表明,在结构动力时程计算中,能否有效模拟无限地基边界对结构抗震分析有很大的影响。基于某地下综合体项目进行抗震评估,采用黏弹性人工边界模拟自由场震动响应,克服工程中传统分析里不能模拟场地无限域的缺点。为地下结构的动力时程分析提供可靠数值依据。     

考虑拥堵空间排队与溢出的道路网静态交通流分配

为刻画拥堵空间排队与溢出现象对交通流分配的影响，提出考虑拥堵空间排队与溢出的道路网静态交通流分配问题，并构建相关的求解算法，用于描述交通需求在起讫点移动过程中路网整体的宏观运行状态。首先，丰富和完善考虑拥堵空间排队与溢出的静态交通流分配的相关假设，提出次生瓶颈、拥堵干扰与渗透和分段化路段阻抗等基本概念和理论，来刻画拥堵交通瓶颈、拥堵空间排队等交通现象；其次，建立网络瓶颈识别算法和空间排队回溯算法，基于此构建考虑拥堵空间排队和溢出的增量分配算法，用于求解交通流分配的结果；最后，通过使用一个具有说明型的算例进行对比分析。研究结果表明：建立的瓶颈识别、排队回溯和增量分配算法可以识别路网中的瓶颈位置及其拥堵排队区域，并可计算得到各路段上的分段分配流量；与点排队只影响瓶颈路段的运行状况和均一的路段分配结果相比，可有效描述路网整体的宏观运行状态以及由于拥堵空间排队所导致的拥堵干扰与渗透现象；不同于“时间片”的伪动态交通流分配模型，新建算法的分配结果是“全时段”与“整体性”的路网宏观运行状态，包含了拥堵瓶颈的具体位置和空间排队的干扰与渗透情况；一般拥堵点排队模型和基于“时间片”的拥堵空间排队模型难以刻画拥堵干扰与渗透现象以及路网整体的宏观运行状态，故所建立的分配方法是对传统拥堵交通流分配的丰富和发展。     

Integrated models of land use and transportation for the autonomous vehicle revolution

ABSTRACT

The advent of the autonomous vehicle (AV) will affect not only the transportation system, but also future patterns of land development. Integrated land use and transportation models will be critical tools in assessing the path forward with this technology. Key questions with respect to land use impacts of AVs arise from potential changes in sensitivity to travel and reduced demand for parking. It is an open question whether AVs will induce urban sprawl, or whether spatial economies of agglomeration will mitigate any reductions in travel time sensitivity. The deployment of shared fleets of AVs would likely reduce parking demand, producing yet to be explored impacts on property development within existing urban footprints. We perform a critical assessment of currently operational models and their ability to represent the adoption of AVs. We identify the representation of time in such models as a vital component requiring additional development to model this new technology. Existing model applications have focused on the discrete addition of new infrastructure or policy at a fixed point in time, whereas AV adoption will occur incrementally through time. Stated adaptation surveys are recommended as tools to quantify preferences and develop relevant model inputs. It is argued that existing models that assume comparatively static equilibrium have been convenient in the past, but are insufficient to model technology adoption. In contrast, dynamic model frameworks lack sufficient structure to maintain reasonability under large perturbations from base conditions. The ongoing advancement of computing has allowed models to move away from being mechanistic aggregate tools, towards behaviourally rich depictions of individual persons and firms. However, much work remains to move from projections of existing conditions into the future, to the evolution of the spatial economy as it evolves through time in response to new technologies and exogenous stresses. Principles from complex and evolutionary systems theory will be important in the development of models with the capacity to consider such dynamics.     

组件式GIS空间查询与分析包的设计与实现

在组件式技术成熟和空间查询语言规范化的今天,越来越多的GIS系统不再满足于现有的空间查询与分析能力。组件式GIS空间查询分析开发包?S-GIS的Queries包提供了一组API接口可供GIS系统二次开发人员使用。该组件包提供一个轻量级的SQL解释器来对内存中要进行查询的SQL语句进行解释执行。本文介绍了Queries包的特色,并且将它与Oracle10g,ArcGIS等软件的空间查询部分做了一些简单比较。     

Numerical simulation of the flow about self-propelling tanker models

A time-marching CFD simulation is performed for self-propelling ships. The flow about the hull is simulated by the finite-volume method, and the propeller action is approximated as a propeller disk for which the solution is given by a simplified propeller model. The interaction of two flow models is treated in a time-marching procedure converging towards the steady self-propelling condition. This method is applied to five tanker models, and detailed comparisons are made between the simulated results and corresponding experimental results. It is shown that the flow field in the self-propelling condition is qualitatively well reproduced in the simulation, and the estimated thrust deduction factors for the five hull forms agree well with measured ones. However, the effective wake factors are underestimated, since the Reynolds number in the simulations differs from that in the experiment.     

Development of Green-Naghdi models with a wave-absorbing beach for nonlinear, irregular wave propagation

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional Green-Naghdi (GN) models equipped with a numerical wave-absorbing beach have been developed to simulate nonlinear, regular, and irregular wave propagation. The numerical beach is introduced near the downstream boundary to absorb outgoing waves. An appropriate amount of numerical damping and an appropriate length of numerical beach are investigated using numerical experiments. The results show that the GN models with a numerical beach work very well in simulating wave propagation in water in a small computational domain.     

强震作用下密贴交叉组合地铁车站三维地震动响应分析

基于FLAC3D有限差分软件,建立密贴交叉组合地铁地下车站结构的三维计算模型,研究强震作用下密贴交叉组合地铁地下车站结构的三维非线性地震反应特性,并与单一浅彬深埋地铁地下车站结构的地震反应特性进行比较。研究结果表明：密贴交叉组合车站结构中,由于上下层车站相互作用影响,对上下层车站的相对水平位移均具有放大作用;上层车站的加速度放大系数小于浅埋车站,而下层车站的加速度放大系数略比深埋车站的大,且变化率较大的部位均发生在密贴交叉部位;下层车站的存在,时上层车站结构的应力有一定的消弱作用,但是由于两车站结构相互作用影响,在两车站交叉部位出现应力集中,致使交叉部位应力出现明显的放大效应。     

未来空间营造：以公共交通为导向的发展与空间句法

TOD 本身作为高强度开发的地区,具有空间组织方式相对复杂、功能多元丰富、空间服务半径人性化等 特点,这将在理论上建构起未来城市空间形态的新图景。回顾 TOD 的相关理念及典型图示,试图从空间句法的 角度剖析 TOD 的空间模式与内涵,以此分析 TOD 作为单纯的交通节点与活跃的场所中心的区别。探讨 TOD 适 用于跨越空间的超链接隧道与强化多层折叠空间的精细化转换的区别,以及 TOD 推动随机个体吸引点的体验与 促进复杂空间结构的集体呈现的区别,这些都能刻画真实 TOD 的某些景象。而空间句法则提供一种思考和验证 的定量工具,从物质空间构成、交通出行模式、社会功能组合、人类行为感知等角度,描述这些复杂而有趣的 TOD 建构过程,寻求 TOD 所带来的空间价值溢出,优化 TOD 本身的空间体验行为。研究表明,空间句法将为 TOD 的空间动态营造提供良好的工具。