Consumer preferences for battery electric vehicles: A choice experimental survey in China

To accelerate the diffusion of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), consumer preferences for different products and policy attributes must be determined. Although previous studies have investigated consumer preferences for some product attributes, including purchase price, operation cost, driving range, and charging time, limited studies have discussed the broader aspects of product attributes, such as battery warranty and depreciation rate. Moreover, market-oriented incentives, including the personal carbon trading (PCT) scheme and the tradable driving credits (TDC) scheme, can theoretically be effective alternatives to expensive purchase subsidies. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence that confirms the influence of these two schemes on BEV adoption. To fill these gaps, we conducted a stated preference choice experimental survey in China and investigated the effect of product attributes, existing policy incentives, and two emerging market-oriented incentives on BEV adoption. Our results reveal that along with the main product attributes, battery warranty has a significant positive effect on inducing mainstream consumers to adopt BEVs while no preference difference occurs among existing policy incentives after purchase subsidies are abolished. For young consumers, almost all incentives that reduce the operation cost (e.g., PCT) or increase convenience (e.g., TDC) can increase their adoption of BEVs. These findings can provide important implications for the government with regard to designing novel incentives and promoting BEV adoption.     

Tradable credits for managing car travel: a review of empirical research and relevant behavioural approaches

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in Tradable Credits (TC) as an alternative measure to manage the growth of personal car use. This paper summarises the results and methodologies of studies that have sought to anticipate the behavioural responses to several proposed TC schemes that target personal travel. In a critical reflection on this work and in an attempt to inspire future research, we argue that future empirical studies on TC behaviours can greatly benefit from insights from the fields of behavioural economics and cognitive psychology. Therefore, in the second part of the paper, we bring together behavioural concepts from these fields that are relevant in a TC decision-making context. Based on observations from current TC studies and the behavioural mechanisms identified in the second part of the paper, we propose promising directions for future research on understanding the impact of TC on personal car travel.     

基于信用的拥挤收费方案介绍与评价—— FAIR 道路

拥挤收费是缓解道路交通拥挤最有效的方案之一,但其公平性饱受争议,导致社会接受程度不高.近年来提出了一些基于信用的拥挤收费方案,通过向低收入出行者发放货币信用,来补贴收费道路对其通勤出行造成的负面影响.以FAIR道路为例,首先定性地介绍其基本概念与系统设计,与传统道路拥挤管理方案比较其优缺点.然后,通过出行者行为建模在算例道路上模拟FAIR 方案,定量地评价实施效果.结果显示,FAIR 道路能显著地缓解交通拥堵,但方案的一些具体设计（信用政策）值得决策者关注.在我国道路交通拥挤日益严重,传统拥挤收费遇到巨大阻力的今天,研究结果值得我国公路和城市道路管理者参考和借鉴.     

Optimal biofuel supply chain design under consumption mandates with renewable identification numbers

The Renewable Identification Number (RIN) system is a tracking mechanism that enforces the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard by monitoring obligated parties’ compliance with the biofuel consumption mandates. This paper incorporates the RIN system into the design of a biofuel supply chain that addresses independent decisions of non-cooperative farmers, biofuel manufacturers, and blenders. Game-theoretic models are developed to examine the impacts of the RIN system on individual stakeholders’ decisions (e.g., on farmland use, bio-refinery investment, biofuel production) and the competition between food and biofuel industries, in both a perfectly competitive scenario and a monopoly scenario. For the perfectly competitive scenario, Nash equilibrium can be obtained by solving a convex optimization problem. For the monopoly scenario, a bi-level Stackelberg leader–follower model is developed, from which we found that a rigid mandate on blenders may suppress the total biofuel production. To avoid such unintended consequences, a relaxed unit-RIN based penalty scheme is proposed and shown to improve the overall biofuel supply chain performance. Managerial insights are drawn from a numerical case study for the state of Illinois.     

Trial and error method for optimal tradable credit schemes: The network case

Recent studies on the new congestion reduction method―tradable credit scheme rely on the full information of speed‐flow relationship, demand function, and generalized cost. As analytical travel demand, functions are difficult to establish in practice. This paper develops a trial and error method for selecting optimal credit schemes for general networks in the absence of demand functions. After each trial of tradable credit scheme, the credit charging scheme and total amount of credits to be distributed are updated by both observed link flows at traffic equilibrium and revealed credit price at market equilibrium. The updating strategy is based on the method of successive averages and its convergence is established theoretically. Our numerical experiments demonstrate that the method of successive averages based trial and error method for tradable credit schemes has a lower convergence speed in comparison with its counterpart for congestion pricing and could be enhanced by exploring more efficient methods that make full use of credit price information. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Personal tradable carbon permits for road transport: Why, why not and who wins?

Personal road transport sector poses a significant challenge in reducing carbon emissions. This paper evaluates a policy approach known as personal tradable carbon permits to reduce carbon emissions from personal vehicles. The policy is a downstream tradable permit where individuals are allocated carbon emission caps. The policy is qualitatively evaluated in the context of carbon taxes and some upstream tradable permit options. The biggest disadvantage of such a policy is the initial set up costs. Personal tradable permits, however, are more effective than carbon taxes and are also capable of stabilizing the gasoline prices faced by the consumers when the underlying oil prices fluctuate. Since equity effects are often a concern to policy makers, the effect of such personal carbon permits on the distribution of burden is quantified in a partial equilibrium framework for the US population. Different permit allocation strategies are investigated in this regard. Using US consumer expenditure survey data, and incorporating a differentiated price response for different households, we find that all three allocation strategies considered are progressive: a per adult based allocation is the most progressive, a per vehicle allocation nearer to proportional, and a per capita allocation in between the two. Personal tradable permits therefore take care of equity concerns directly through the design of the policy.     

三峡枢纽碍航经济损失评估方法研究

充分利用机会成本原理,以货物时间价值损失、货物经时损失以及船舶额外营运成本为评价指标,构建船货匹配的经济损失评估模型,为高效航道运输系统建设和区域社会发展评估提供参考。其中,货物时间价值损失测算模型运用科布道格拉斯生产函数思想,考虑长江水文特征、船舶待闸时长及船闸通行能力等因素,构建包含待闸时间敏感系数和船闸饱和度的货物时间价值损失测算公式;货物经时损失测算模型考虑货物品质和货物占用资金的使用效率,利用微分方程,构建分段损失率的货物经时损失测算公式。估算结果显示,当前三峡枢纽碍航造成的经济损失达76亿元,其中集装箱及船舶受损最严重。因此,三峡枢纽管理部门可结合经济损失优化船舶调度计划。     

基于可交易出行路票的城市交通需求管理

可交易出行路票作为近年兴起的交通需求管理新思路持续受到学者的密切关注和深入研 究。本文结合2016年以来利用可交易出行路票进行城市交通需求管理方面的研究进展，从可交 易出行路票的公众接受度、出行管理建模分析以及基于组合手段的交通管理机制研究等3方面进 行文献综述和分析。研究表明：5年前关于可交易出行路票的研究主要围绕可交易出行路票的理 论建模或仿真分析展开；近5年来面向可交易出行路票的理论研究更加宽广和深入，面向应用层 面的研究也更加受到关注。然而，现有大多数研究仍缺乏从实际应用的可实施角度进行深入研 究和探讨，在此基础上，本文进一步对可交易出行路票的定义以及蕴含的4个关键要素：出行路票 的发放总量、初始发放方案、收取方案和路票市场交易机制进行综述和分析，指出不足之处并给 出可交易出行路票定义、4个关键要素以及交易方案层面的主观理解和认识，强调对这些基本要 素不仅需从实际应用角度来厘清和重新认识这4个关键要素的内涵、作用范围和相互作用关系， 还需要结合具体城市实际情况和交通管理目标进一步研究与分析。最后，对可交易出行路票的 热点研究问题进行总结和展望，强调关于可交易出行路票对出行者个体行为的影响分析，基于碳 中和发展路径的可交易出行路票量化交易技术等方面是今后重点关注的研究方向。     

The Role of Tradable Credit Schemes in Road Traffic Congestion Management

Abstract

Road traffic congestion is not yet reflected in current market prices within the sector and has given rise to a number of instruments to mitigate the resulting negative impacts. The focus of this paper is the tradable credit scheme — an incentive-based economic measure — in order to address traffic congestion. The research questions are (1) whether the state-of-the-art in the literature suggests that tradable credit schemes could be feasibly introduced to mitigate congestion, and (2) whether a tradable credit scheme could have advantages over other instruments. A brief outline of congestion mitigation approaches is provided first to position this type of economic instrument with respect to other measures. The broad issues in the design of a tradable credit scheme are then presented. Most research to date has focused on the use of tradable credits to manage related pollution, but it is clear there is potential to design a scheme for traffic congestion management. To date this is a novel review of tradable credit schemes that has focused specifically on their role in road traffic congestion management.     

新能源汽车产业发展对企业平均油耗的影响研究

基于工业和信息化部最新出台的CAFC和NEV双积分管理办法以及市场公开的数据,以市场整体为视角研究了新能源汽车产业发展对企业平均燃油消耗量(CAFC油耗)的影响。研究结果表明,从2021年起,由于新能源汽车产业的快速发展,对油耗总的最大贡献将达到2.83 L/100 km,对CAFC油耗的最大贡献为2.27 L/100 km,由此造成CAFC油耗(FC_CAFC)将远低于油耗限值,最大余量为1.21 L/100 km,积分市场的整体供应将逐渐富裕,这可能会降低企业发展汽车节能技术的积极性和紧迫性,影响行业整体的实际油耗水平。